Dimensional Analasys and Scaling Laws

Sharath Chandra. J Sharabh Kochar K.
Venkatesh
M.E (Thermal Engineering) Department of Mechanical Engineering
(2012H148035H) (2012H148037H) (2012H148038H)
Contents
Dimensional Analysis Buckingham Pi Theorem. Determination of Pi Terms. Comments about Dimensional Analysis. Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics Correlation of Experimental Data. Modeling, Similitude Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equation. Scaling Laws
Dimensional Analysis
Buckingham Pi
A typical fluid mechanics problem in which experimentation is required, consider the
steady flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid through a long, smooth- walled, horizontal, circular pipe.
Theorem
Determination of Pi
Terms
An important characteristic of this system, which would be interest to an engineer

Comments about Dimensional Analysis
designing a pipeline, is the pressure drop per unit length that develops along the pipe as a result of friction. The first step in the planning of an experiment to study this problem would be to
Common Dimensionless Groups
in Fluid Mechanics
decide on the factors, or variables, that will have an effect on the parameter under
Modeling, Similitude
consideration.
Scaling Laws.
For e.g. Let us consider Pressure drop per unit length pl = f(D,,,V)
Pressure drop per unit length depends on FOUR variables: sphere size (D); speed (V); fluid density (); fluid viscosity
Contd
Buckingham Pi
To perform the experiments in a meaningful and systematic manner, it would be
necessary to change one of the variable, such as the velocity, while holding all other
Theorem
constant, and measure the corresponding pressure drop.

Determination of Pi
Difficulty to determine the functional relationship between the pressure drop and
Terms
the various facts that influence it.

Comments about
Fortunately, there is a much simpler approach to the problem that will eliminate the
difficulties described above. Collecting these variables into two non-dimensional

combinations of the variables (called dimensionless product or dimensionless groups).
in Fluid Mechanics
Scaling Laws.
Only one dependent and one independent variable Easy to set up experiments to determine dependency Easy to present results (one graph)
Buckingham Pi
Buckingham Pi Theorem
A fundamental question we must answer is how many dimensionless products are
required to replace the original list of variables ? The answer to this question is supplied by the basic theorem of dimensional analysis that states
Theorem
Determination of Pi
Terms
Comments about
If an equation involving k variables is dimensionally homogeneous, it can be reduced

to a relationship among k-r independent dimensionless products, where r is the minimum number of reference dimensions required to describe the variables. The above theorem is called Buckingham Pi Theorem, and the terms are called Non-
in Fluid Mechanics
Dimensional Parameters after being rearranged as functions.

Given a physical problem in which the dependent variable is a function of (k-1)

Scaling Laws.
independent variables. u1 = f(u2,u3,....., uk)
Mathematically, we can express the functional relationship in the equivalent form

g(u1,u2,u3,....., uk) = 0 Where g is an unspecified function, different from f. Contd
The Buckingham Pi theorem states that: Given a relation among k variables of the form g(u1,u2,u3,....., uk) = 0 The k variables may be grouped into k-r independent dimensionless
Buckingham Pi
Theorem
Determination of Pi
Terms
products, or terms, expressible in functional form by

Comments about Dimensional Analysis
The number r is usually, but not always, equal to the minimum number of independent dimensions required to specify the dimensions of all the parameters. Usually the reference dimensions required to describe the variables will be the basic dimensions M, L, and T or F, L, and T. The theorem does not predict the functional form of . The functional relation among the independent dimensionless products must be
in Fluid Mechanics
Scaling Laws.
determined experimentally.
The k-r dimensionless products terms obtained from the procedure are independent.
Buckingham Pi
Determination of Pi Terms
The method we most commonly use to determine the Pi terms is called the METHOD of repeating variables. Eight steps listed below outline a recommended procedure for determining the terms. Step 1 List all the variables. Step 2 Express each of the variables in terms of basic dimensions. Find the number of reference dimensions. Step 3 Determine the required number of pi terms.
Theorem
Determination of Pi
Terms
Comments about
in Fluid Mechanics
Step 4 Select a K repeating variables, where K = number of reference dimensions.

Step 5 Form a pi term by multiplying one of the non-repeating variables by the product of the repeating variables, each raised to an exponent that will make the combination dimensionless. Step 6 Repeat Step 5 for each of the remaining nonrepeating variables. Step 7 Check all the resulting pi terms to make sure they are dimensionless. Step 8 Express the final form as a relationship among the pi terms
Scaling Laws.
Buckingham Pi
Selection of Variables
One of the most important, and difficult, steps in applying dimensional analysis to any given problem is the selection of the variables that are involved. There is no simple procedure whereby the variable can be easily identified. Generally, one
Theorem
Determination of Pi
Terms
must rely on a good understanding of the phenomenon involved and the governing physical
Comments about
laws. If extraneous variables are included, then too many pi terms appear in the final solution, and it may be difficult, time consuming, and expensive to eliminate these experimentally. If important variables are omitted, then an incorrect result will be obtained; and again, this
in Fluid Mechanics
may prove to be costly and difficult to ascertain.

Most engineering problems involve certain simplifying assumptions that have an influence on the variables to be considered.
Scaling Laws.
Usually we wish to keep the problems as simple as possible, perhaps even if some accuracy
is sacrificed.
Contd
Buckingham Pi
A suitable balance between simplicity and accuracy is an desirable goal.
Variables can be classified into three general group:

Theorem
Geometry: lengths and angles.

Determination of Pi
Material Properties: relate the external effects and the responses.

Terms
External Effects: produce, or tend to produce, a change in the system. Such as
Comments about
force, pressure, velocity, or gravity.

Points should be considered in the selection of variables: Consider other variables that may not fall into one the three categories. For example, time and time dependent variables. Be sure to include all quantities that may be held constant (e.g., g). Make sure that all variables are independent.
in Fluid Mechanics
Scaling Laws.

A list of variables that commonly arise in fluid mechanics and heat transfer problems. Possible to provide a physical interpretation to the dimensionless groups which can be helpful in assessing their influence in a particular application.
in Fluid Mechanics and Heat
Transfer
Correlation of
Experimental Data.

Scaling Laws.
Correlation of Experimental Data

Dimensional analysis only provides the dimensionless groups describing the phenomenon, and not the specific relationship between the groups. To determine this relationship, suitable experimental data must be obtained. The degree of difficulty
Transfer
Correlation of
depends on the number of pi terms.

Experimental Data.
Scaling Laws.
One Pi Term
The functional relationship for one Pi term.
1 = C ; where C is a constant. The value of the constant is to be determined by an experimental procedure
Flow with Only One Pi Term
Assume that the drag, D, acting on a spherical particle that falls very slowly through a
Transfer
viscous fluid is a function of the particle diameter, d, the particle velocity, V, and the fluid
Correlation of
viscosity, . Determine, with the aid the dimensional analysis, how the drag depends on the particle velocity.
Experimental Data.

The drag
D = f(d,V,)
Scaling Laws.
D=F = ML-3
d=L
= FL-2T
V = LT-1
D 1 = Vd
=C
D = CVd
DV
For a given particle and fluids, the drag varies directly with the velocity
Problems with Two Pi Terms

1 = (2)
the functional relationship among the variables can the be determined by varying 2 and measuring the corresponding value of 1. The empirical equation relating 2 and 1 by using a standard curve-fitting technique.
Transfer
Correlation of
Experimental Data.

Scaling Laws.
An empirical relationship is valid over the range of 2.
Dangerous to extrapolate beyond valid range 65
Problems with Three Pi Terms

1 = (2, 3)
To determine a suitable empirical equation relating the three pi terms.
Transfer
Correlation of
Experimental Data.

Scaling Laws.
To show data correlations on simple graphs.
Families curve of curves
Model vs. Prototype

What is a Model ? A model is a representation of a physical system that may be used to predict the behavior of the system in some desired respect. Mathematical or computer models may also conform to this definition, our interest will be in physical model. What is a Prototype? The physical system for which the prediction are to be made.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Models that resemble the prototype but are generally of a different size, may involve different fluid, and often operate under different conditions. Usually a model is smaller than the prototype. Occasionally, if the prototype is very small, it may be advantageous to have a model that is larger than the prototype so that it can be more easily studied. For example, large models have been used to study the motion of RBCs.
With the successful development of a valid model, it is possible to predict the behavior of the prototype under a certain set of conditions. There is an inherent danger in the use of models in that predictions can be made that are in error and the error not detected until the prototype is found not to perform as predicted. It is imperative that the model be properly designed and tested and that the results be interpreted correctly.
Similarity of Model and Prototype

What conditions must be met to ensure the similarity of model and prototype? Geometric Similarity Model and prototype have same shape. Linear dimensions on model and prototype correspond within constant scale factor. Kinematic Similarity Velocities at corresponding points on model and prototype differ only by a constant scale factor. Dynamic Similarity Forces on model and prototype differ only by a constant scale factor.
Transfer
Scaling Laws. `
Model Scales
The ratio of a model variable to the corresponding prototype variable is called the scale for that variable.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Length Scale Velocity Scale Density Scale Viscosity Scale
Rules of Scale Analysis

The object of Scale Analysis is to use the basic principles of convective heat transfer
to produce order of magnitude estimates for the quantities of interest. This means
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
that if one of the quantities of interest is the thickness of the boundary layer in Forced Convection, the object of scale analysis is to determine whether the boundary layer
thickness is measured in millimeters or meters.

Scale analysis is recommended as most premier method for obtaining the most information per unit of intellectual effort.
Consider a problem from the field of conduction heat transfer. Plate plunged at t=0 into a highly conducting fluid such that at surface
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Suppose that we are interested in estimating the time needed by the thermal front to penetrate the plate, the time until the center of the plate feels the heating imposed on the outer surface.
Transfer
Estimate the order of magnitude of each of the term appearing on LHS
Scaling Laws.
On RHS
Equating the two orders of magnitude
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Rule 1 . Always define the spatial extent of the region in which you perform the scale analysis. Size of the region of interest is D/2 Rule 2. one equation constitutes an equivalence between the scales of two dominant terms appearing in the equation .
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
SCALING LAWS OF TRANSITION

Nature offers us clear sign that the phenomenon of transition is associated with a fundamental property of fluid flow. Laminar flow is characterized by a critical number that serve as a landmark for laminar turbulent transition.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Observations
1. Cigarette smoke plume is in one plane. 2. The meander is most visible from the special viewing direction that happens to be perpendicular to the plane of meander. 3. This observation is important because it contradicts the belief that the transitional shape of the buoyant jet is spiral. Batchelor and Gill postulated the existence of helical, not plane sinusoidal disturbances.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
The flow appears to have the natural property to meander with a characteristic wave length during transition, regardless of the nature of the disturbing agent. This observation is important because it it illustrates the conflict between hydrodynamic stability thinking, to which the postulate of disturbances is a necessity
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
Transfer
Scaling Laws.
"L'ignoranza accecante ci inganna. O! Miseri mortali, aprite gli occhi! its a Leonardo da Vinci quote but i am curious as to what it would be in correct Italian Again, the quote is "Blinding ignorance does mislead us. O! Wretched mortals, open your eyes!`

Dimensional Analasys and Scaling Laws

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Sharath Chandra. J Sharabh Kochar K.

M.E (Thermal Engineering) Department of Mechanical Engineering

(2012H148035H) (2012H148037H) (2012H148038H)

An important characteristic of this system, which would be interest to an engineer

Common Dimensionless Groups

To perform the experiments in a meaningful and systematic manner, it would be

constant, and measure the corresponding pressure drop.

the various facts that influence it.

difficulties described above. Collecting these variables into two non-dimensional

combinations of the variables (called dimensionless product or dimensionless groups).

If an equation involving k variables is dimensionally homogeneous, it can be reduced

Common Dimensionless Groups

Dimensional Parameters after being rearranged as functions.

Given a physical problem in which the dependent variable is a function of (k-1)

independent variables. u1 = f(u2,u3,....., uk)

Mathematically, we can express the functional relationship in the equivalent form

products, or terms, expressible in functional form by

Common Dimensionless Groups

Common Dimensionless Groups

Step 4 Select a K repeating variables, where K = number of reference dimensions.

Common Dimensionless Groups

may prove to be costly and difficult to ascertain.

A suitable balance between simplicity and accuracy is an desirable goal.

Variables can be classified into three general group:

Geometry: lengths and angles.

Material Properties: relate the external effects and the responses.

External Effects: produce, or tend to produce, a change in the system. Such as

force, pressure, velocity, or gravity.

Common Dimensionless Groups

Common Dimensionless Groups

Common Dimensionless Groups

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

Common Dimensionless Groups

Correlation of Experimental Data

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

depends on the number of pi terms.

Common Dimensionless Groups

Flow with Only One Pi Term

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

Common Dimensionless Groups

Problems with Two Pi Terms

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

An empirical relationship is valid over the range of 2.

Dangerous to extrapolate beyond valid range 65

Common Dimensionless Groups

Problems with Three Pi Terms

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

To show data correlations on simple graphs.

Families curve of curves

Model vs. Prototype

Common Dimensionless Groups

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

Common Dimensionless Groups

Similarity of Model and Prototype

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

Common Dimensionless Groups

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

Length Scale Velocity Scale Density Scale Viscosity Scale

Common Dimensionless Groups

Rules of Scale Analysis

in Fluid Mechanics and Heat

thickness is measured in millimeters or meters.

Common Dimensionless Groups