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Types of Absorbers
Absorbers may be divided into three main types:
Types of Absorbers
Porous absorbers (Dissipative absorbers): Porous absorbers are the most commonly used sound absorbing materials. These materials allow air to flow into a cellular structure where sound energy is converted to heat.
Porous materials are light weight , spongy and have interconnected pores. An effective porous absorber will pass air under moderate pressure. A simple test to identify a porous absorber is to blow through it.
Porous absorbers . . .
Porous absorbers are most effective in slowing down air particles with a high sound velocity
Common porous absorbers include carpet, glass fiber, glass wool, rock wool, open-cell foam, porous ceiling tile etc. Sound Absorption Mechanism: The friction between air particles and pores causes sound energy to be dissipated in the form of heat. When the pores are isolated the heat transfer process occurs in isolated places and it will not take much sound off by friction.
Porous Absorbers . . .
Frequency response:
0.4
0.2
Frequency (Hz)
0
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k
Porous absorbers . . .
At all frequencies these materials have some amount of absorption. Sound absorption can be slightly improved by increasing the thickness at low frequency. A porous sound absorber is identified on drawings by a ribbon candy symbol.
Types of Absorbers . . .
(ii) Membrane absorbers (Panel absorbers) The panel absorbers are non-rigid, non-porous materials which are placed over an airspace that vibrates in a flexural mode in response to sound pressure exerted by adjacent air molecules
Panel absorber d
Backup wall
Membrane absorbers . . .
Eg: An enclosure lined with membrane absorber material d s
enclosure
Membrane absorbers . . .
Sound Absorption mechanism: Panel absorbers work by transferring sound energy firstly into vibrational energy in the panel facing and as heat due to internal friction (damping). P x=-a
x=a
P a particle of the panel (simple harmonic motion)
1 f T
Membrane absorbers . . .
panel
If fe = f resonance
fe The absorption is maximum at the resonance frequency of the panel corresponding to maximum movement. The resonance frequency of the panel is given as, 60 f md
where, m mass per unit area of the panel kg/m2 d depth of air space (m)
Membrane absorbers . . .
The most common membrane absorber is the suspended ceiling (or false ceiling) Structural floor
Joist Suspended ceiling
Raised floors are also common membrane absorbers (false floors). E.g. in Gymnasiums
Wooden floor Joist Structural floor
Membrane absorbers . . .
Frequency response: Typical response curve is as shown below
1.0 0.8
0.6
0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)
0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k
Membrane absorbers . . .
The absorption characteristic shows a peak in the low frequency range which coincides with the resonant frequency of the membrane.
Materials commonly used for panels such as plywood, canvas, sheet of glass.
Types of Absorbers . . .
Cavity absorbers . . .
Sound absorption mechanism: Reduce sound energy by friction at the neck and by inter reflections within the cavity. e.g. slotted concrete block
Multi reflection
cavity
neck ceiling
Cavity absorbers . . .
Frequency response:
1.0 0.8
0.6
0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)
0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k
Cavity absorbers . . .
Cavity absorber provides a high absorption over a very narrow band of frequencies and therefore have limited applications.
The maximum absorption occurs at the resonant frequency of the cavity which is estimated by,
Cr 2 fr 2 (2l r )V
Where, c speed of sound in air (m/s) r- radius of neck (m) l- length of neck (m) V volume of the cavity (m3)
Cavity absorbers . . .
The ability to tune a cavity absorber to specific frequencies is useful for noise control. They are used for pure tone noise attenuation for TV, broadcasting studios and concert halls. Usually fr is controlled by changing the length of neck.
airgap
Porous material
Suspended ceiling
A low frequency absorption of a porous absorber can be increased by using an air gap.
Structural floor
Joist
hard ceiling
Porous material
Fibrous material
Cavity absorbers . . .
Frequency response:
1.0 0.8
0.6
0.4 0.2
C+P
Frequency (Hz)
0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k
Perforated facing
A 4 thick fuzz with perforated facing (tiny holes in a regular pattern=> behave as cavity absorbers) B- 4 thick fuzz without perforated facing
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)
P+C
0
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k
Assignment 3: Time : 1.00- 3.00p.m. Date: 11th May 2009 Monday Venue: Exam Hall No 2
Reference book:
Acoustics and noise control
2nd edition B J Smith, R J Peters and S Owen
Practical schedule
3 Practical 2 - Outdoors 1 Industrial visit Assignments: Three (3) in-class assignments, each carry 10 marks. 3 for performance 7 for assignment