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Chapter 5 Properties of Sound . . .

Types of Absorbers
Absorbers may be divided into three main types:

1. Porous absorbers 2. Membrane absorbers 3. Helmholtz absorbers


The sound energy is converted into heat in all three types of absorbers mentioned above. But there are different frequency responses for each type of absorber.

Types of Absorbers
Porous absorbers (Dissipative absorbers): Porous absorbers are the most commonly used sound absorbing materials. These materials allow air to flow into a cellular structure where sound energy is converted to heat.

Porous materials are light weight , spongy and have interconnected pores. An effective porous absorber will pass air under moderate pressure. A simple test to identify a porous absorber is to blow through it.

Porous absorbers . . .
Porous absorbers are most effective in slowing down air particles with a high sound velocity

Common porous absorbers include carpet, glass fiber, glass wool, rock wool, open-cell foam, porous ceiling tile etc. Sound Absorption Mechanism: The friction between air particles and pores causes sound energy to be dissipated in the form of heat. When the pores are isolated the heat transfer process occurs in isolated places and it will not take much sound off by friction.

Porous Absorbers . . .
Frequency response:

1.0 0.8 0.6


Thick sample Thin sample

0.4
0.2
Frequency (Hz)

0
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k

Sound absorption is large at high frequencies and small at low frequencies.

Porous absorbers . . .
At all frequencies these materials have some amount of absorption. Sound absorption can be slightly improved by increasing the thickness at low frequency. A porous sound absorber is identified on drawings by a ribbon candy symbol.

Types of Absorbers . . .
(ii) Membrane absorbers (Panel absorbers) The panel absorbers are non-rigid, non-porous materials which are placed over an airspace that vibrates in a flexural mode in response to sound pressure exerted by adjacent air molecules

Panel absorber d

Backup wall

Types of Absorbers . . . (ii) Membrane absorbers (Panel absorbers)


Features:

Excellence low frequency performance


Non-fibrous

Small width and low pressure loss

Membrane absorbers . . .
Eg: An enclosure lined with membrane absorber material d s

enclosure

S source of sound d width of air gap

Membrane absorbers . . .
Sound Absorption mechanism: Panel absorbers work by transferring sound energy firstly into vibrational energy in the panel facing and as heat due to internal friction (damping). P x=-a

x=a
P a particle of the panel (simple harmonic motion)

Natural frequency of the panel

1 f T

Membrane absorbers . . .
panel
If fe = f resonance

fe The absorption is maximum at the resonance frequency of the panel corresponding to maximum movement. The resonance frequency of the panel is given as, 60 f md
where, m mass per unit area of the panel kg/m2 d depth of air space (m)

Membrane absorbers . . .
The most common membrane absorber is the suspended ceiling (or false ceiling) Structural floor
Joist Suspended ceiling

Raised floors are also common membrane absorbers (false floors). E.g. in Gymnasiums
Wooden floor Joist Structural floor

Membrane absorbers . . .
Frequency response: Typical response curve is as shown below

1.0 0.8

0.6
0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)

0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k

Membrane absorbers . . .
The absorption characteristic shows a peak in the low frequency range which coincides with the resonant frequency of the membrane.

Materials commonly used for panels such as plywood, canvas, sheet of glass.

Types of Absorbers . . .

Cavity absorbers (Helmhotz resonators):


Cavity absorbers are Helmhotz resonators, take the form of an enclosed volume of air with a small narrow neck. Resonators act to absorb sound in a narrow frequency range include some perforated materials

Cavity absorbers . . .
Sound absorption mechanism: Reduce sound energy by friction at the neck and by inter reflections within the cavity. e.g. slotted concrete block
Multi reflection

cavity
neck ceiling

Cavity absorbers . . .
Frequency response:

1.0 0.8

0.6
0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)

0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k

Cavity absorbers . . .
Cavity absorber provides a high absorption over a very narrow band of frequencies and therefore have limited applications.
The maximum absorption occurs at the resonant frequency of the cavity which is estimated by,

Cr 2 fr 2 (2l r )V
Where, c speed of sound in air (m/s) r- radius of neck (m) l- length of neck (m) V volume of the cavity (m3)

Cavity absorbers . . .
The ability to tune a cavity absorber to specific frequencies is useful for noise control. They are used for pure tone noise attenuation for TV, broadcasting studios and concert halls. Usually fr is controlled by changing the length of neck.

Broadband Sound Absorption


How to make effective for a wide range of frequencies.. Combination of Porous and Membrane or Cavity absorbers can provide broadband absorption. e.g. P + M

Backup surface airgap

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


enclosure

airgap

Porous material

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


Note1: Fibrous sound absorbers are refer to as fuzz. e.g. glass wool, rock wool (glass fibre, mineral fibre) Note2:
line => no air gap

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


A suspended ceiling can be made a broadband absorber by replacing the hard ceiling material with a porous material (e.g. using acoustic tiles)
Structural floor
Joist

Suspended ceiling

A low frequency absorption of a porous absorber can be increased by using an air gap.

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


M+P: High frequency sound absorption of a membrane absorber can be increased by putting porous (fibrous) material in the air space.

Structural floor
Joist
hard ceiling

Porous material

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


M+P:

Double leaf partition

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


C+P: By putting porous material in cavity high frequency and low absorption can be slightly increased. e.g. slotted concrete block

Fibrous material

Cavity absorbers . . .
Frequency response:

1.0 0.8

0.6
0.4 0.2

C+P

Frequency (Hz)

0
63 125 250 500 1k 2k

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


P+C:
Backup surface airgap

Perforated facing
A 4 thick fuzz with perforated facing (tiny holes in a regular pattern=> behave as cavity absorbers) B- 4 thick fuzz without perforated facing

Broadband Sound Absorption . . .


P+C . . . Frequency response:

1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Frequency (Hz)

P+C

0
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k

Assignment 3: Time : 1.00- 3.00p.m. Date: 11th May 2009 Monday Venue: Exam Hall No 2

Reference book:
Acoustics and noise control
2nd edition B J Smith, R J Peters and S Owen

Practical schedule
3 Practical 2 - Outdoors 1 Industrial visit Assignments: Three (3) in-class assignments, each carry 10 marks. 3 for performance 7 for assignment

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