NT1210 Introduction to Networking

Unit 5: Chapter 5, Ethernet LANs

Objectives
Identify the major needs and stakeholders for computer networks and network applications. Identify the classifications of networks and how they are applied to various types of enterprises. Explain the functionality and use of typical network protocols. Analyze network components and their primary functions in a typical data network from both logical and physical perspectives.

Objectives
Differentiate among major types of LAN and WAN technologies and specifications and determine how each is used in a data network. Explain basic security requirements for networks. Install a network (wired or wireless), applying all necessary configurations to enable desired connectivity and controls. Use network tools to monitor protocols and traffic characteristics. Use preferred techniques and necessary tools to troubleshoot common network problems.
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Objectives
Define Ethernet LAN concepts.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of Ethernet technology in LANs.

Analyze the advantages of using Layer 2 devices to segment LANs. Troubleshoot wired LANs for connectivity and performance.

Defining Ethernet LANs

Ethernet: Originally developed as LAN technology
Connect end-user devices in one site with devices relatively close by Each LAN site connects to WAN via router Ethernet standards kept growing to support faster speeds and longer cabling distances Modern Ethernet networks might be LANs or WANs Companies generally own their own LANs WANs lease capacity to customers (e.g., ISPs, Telcos)
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Defining Ethernet LANs: LAN vs. WAN

Many Telcos today offer WAN services called Metro Ethernet (MetroE) where the cable from the Telco to the customer site uses an Ethernet standard. The LANs at each site can still use Ethernet, but the WAN links also use Ethernet.

Ethernet LAN vs. Ethernet WAN

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Figure 5-1

Defining Ethernet LANs

Late 1970s: End of proprietary standards
Early 1980s: IEEE formed new working groups to work on LAN standards
LAN standards all start with 802

Many of same companies that had proprietary standards volunteered to work on IEEE working groups so could mold future LAN standards

Table 5-1
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Defining Ethernet LANs

Three Important IEEE LAN Standards
Working Group
802.2 802.3 802.5

Common Reference Logical Link Control Ethernet

Token Ring

Purpose

Defines features in common across Ethernet, Token Ring, and others Defines features specific to Ethernet Defines features specific to Token Ring

Key Original IEEE 802 LAN Standards

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Table 5-1

Defining Ethernet LANs

1970s: Vendors created PCs and LANs (still many mainframes and dumb terminals in use) 1980s: Computing world moved to networks that primarily had PCs on them

1980s: IEEE finalized and improved LAN standards

Timeline Perspectives: LANs from Creation to Ethernet Supremacy

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Figure 5-2

Defining Ethernet LANs: Wired vs. Wireless

Wired: 802.3 Ethernet
Wireless: 802.11 Wireless LANs

Comparing the Combined Hybrid LAN to a Wireless-Only LAN Edge

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Figure 5-3

Defining Ethernet LANs: Wired vs. Wireless

Timeline: Growth and impact of the progress of the 802.11 WLAN standards.

LANs from Creation to the 802.3 Vs. 802.11 LAN Edge Battle
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Figure 5-4

Defining Ethernet LANs: Ethernet Bit Rates

10BASE-5: Standard that used thick coaxial cabling (thicknet) with bus topology
10BASE-2: Standard that used thinner coaxial cable (Thinnet) with bus topology

10BASE-T: Ethernet standard deployed in 1990 used UTP cabling with star topology

Ethernet Standards Dates, Speeds, and Common Names

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Figure 5-5

Defining Ethernet LANs: Ethernet Bit Rates

100-Mbps Fast Ethernet: Part of next wave of standards in 1990s was 10 times faster than 10BASE-T and used UTP cabling with star topology
1000-Mbps (1 Gbps) Gigabit Ethernet: Developed in 1995 was 100 times faster than 10BASE-T and used UTP or fiber optic cabling with various topologies

Ethernet Standards Dates, Speeds, and Common Names

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Figure 5-5

Defining Ethernet LANs: Ethernet Bit Rates

An example of an Ethernet LAN with eight links that use six different combinations of speed and cable type.

One Ethernet LAN, Many Different Speeds and Cable Types

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Figure 5-6

Defining Ethernet LANs: Distances

Each physical layer standard defines cable limitations
100 meters for UTP cable Several hundred meters for multimode (MM) fiber Several kilometers for single mode (SM) fiber

IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet standards use SM, MM fiber cables IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet standard uses UTP

Gigabit Ethernet Standards and Cable Lengths

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Defining Ethernet LANs: Distances

Shortcut Family Name 1000Base-X 1000Base-X 1000BASE-T Specific Shortcut Year Name 1000Base-LX 1998 1000Base-SX 1998 1000BASE-T 1999 Max Length1 550 m 5 Km1 100 m

Standard 802.3z 802.3z 802.3ab

Cabling MM SM UTP (4 pair)

Gigabit Ethernet Standards and Cable Lengths

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Table 5-2

Defining Ethernet LANs: Topologies

Modern Ethernet LANs use a star topology (physical topologies refers to the shape of the network). In a simple Ethernet LAN, all the devices connect to a single LAN switch. If you spread the devices out to all points on the compass, it looks a little like a star.

Star Topology in an Ethernet LAN Compared to a Drawing of a Sun (Star)

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Figure 5-7

Defining Ethernet LANs: Data Link Framing

One standard DL header/trailer works with many physical link standards
Like using one car to travel on many different roads

Forwarding One Ethernet Frame over Six Different Types of Ethernet Links
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Figure 5-8

Defining Ethernet LANs: Standard Names

Informal names: Names used in industry, not necessarily actual standard names
Typically focus on speed, mostly ignore cabling types
Speed Informal Name Other common informal names Fast E Gig E, 1 GbE 10 GbE 40 GbE 100 GbE
Table 5-3
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10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps 40 Gbps 100 Gbps

Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gig E 40 Gig E 100 Gig E

Informal Ethernet Names Based on Speeds

Defining Ethernet LANs: Standard Names

How to interpret IEEE shorthand names
Break name into parts (see figure) Every name (discussed here) has BASE- or GBASE- in middle: Way to separate prefix and suffix for term Use rules illustrated in figure

Structure of IEEE Shorthand Ethernet Names

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Figure 5-9

Defining Ethernet LANs: Standard Names

Prefix (what comes before BASE- or GBASE) shows speed
Mbps if BASE- without a G Gbps if middle lists GBASE-

Suffix lists cable type

T - Twisted pair (UTP) standards X - Fiber optic standards

Other values - Require more research

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Defining Ethernet LANs: Standard Names

IEEE Original Shorthand IEEE Name 802.3i 802.3u 802.3z 802.3ab 802.3ae 802.3an 802.3ba 802.3ba 10BASE-T 100BASE-T 1000BASE-X 1000BASE-T 10GBASE-X 10GBASE-T 40GBASE-X 100GBASE-X Informal Name(s) Ethernet Fast Ethernet (Fast E) Gigabit Ethernet (Gig E, GbE) Gigabit Ethernet (Gig E, GbE) 10 GbE 10 GbE 40GbE (40 GigE) 100GbE (100 GigE)
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Speed 10 Mbps 100 Mbps

Typical Cabling UTP UTP

1000 Mbps Fiber 1000 Mbps UTP 10 Gbps 10 Gbps 40 Gbps 100 Gbps Fiber UTP Fiber Fiber
Table 5-4

Ethernet Naming Summary

Building Ethernet LANs: Speed vs. Pricing

IEEE Standards Dates and Cable Types

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Figure 5-10

Building Ethernet LANs: Speed vs. Pricing

EXAMPLE: This LAN uses 40 edge switches, each of which connects to an average of 25 end-user devices. Each of these edge switches connects to a centralized switch called a distribution switch, which distributes data frames to the rest of the LAN.

1000 User Campus LAN, with Speed Vs. Cost Choices

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Figure 5-12

Building Ethernet LANs: Speed AutoNegotiation

EXAMPLE: Migrating from 10BASE-T to 100BASE-T with switches

The left side of the figure shows a typical LAN that uses only 10BASET. On the right side, the engineer replaces Switch SW1 with a 10/100 switch, which means this new switchs ports can negotiate to run at either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.

Using Autonegotiation to Migrate from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps

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Figure 5-13

Building Ethernet LANs: Speed AutoNegotiation

IEEE auto-negotiation rules that switch ports follow:
If both nodes send auto-negotiation messages, both state their supported speeds; nodes choose fastest speed in both lists to operate at If local node sends auto-negotiation message but does not receive message from other node, uses slowest supported speed (usually 10 Mbps)

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Building Ethernet LANs: Speed AutoNegotiation

LAN on right shows speed that each nodes supports 3 devices attempt auto-negotiation: switch SW1, PC B, and PC D SW1s ports support 10/100 and auto-negotiation

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Building Ethernet LANs: Speed AutoNegotiation

SW1 PC A: Sends auto-negotiation messages but hears nothing from PC A; chooses slowest speed SW1 PC B: SW1 and PC B send auto-negotiation messages, and both list speeds of 10 and 100 Mbps; both choose fastest supported speed (100 Mbps) SW1 SW2: Works like SW1 to PC A so both SW1 and SW2 use 10 Mbps SW2 PC C: Neither support auto-negotiation, only 10 Mbps SW2 PC D: PC D sends auto-negotiation messages but hears nothing from SW2, so PC D chooses slowest speed
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Building Ethernet LANs: Duplex AutoNegotiation

Duplex setting on link determines whether to use halfduplex or full-duplex
Devices can negotiate duplex setting with autonegotiation

Modern LANs use full duplex, but if older hubs exist on network, links have to auto-negotiate

History of Half and Full Duplex

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Building Ethernet LANs: Duplex AutoNegotiation

Both nodes send auto-negotiation messages stating duplex mode(s) supported
If both support full-duplex, then that mode is used If both do NOT support full duplex, then both use half-duplex If local node sends auto-negotiation messages but does not receive return messages, uses half-duplex
History of Half and Full Duplex
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Figure 5-14

Building Ethernet LANs: Distance Considerations

UTP links: Maximum 100 meters
Multimode links: Several hundred meters (3-6) Single mode links: Several kilometers (30-60)

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Building Ethernet LANs: UTP Pinouts

Straight-through Cables: Used to connect 2 devices (e.g., PCs and switches)
Use wire pairs 1, 2 and 3, 6

100BASE-T Transmit and Receive Logic, PC to Switch, with Straight-through Cable 32

Figure 5-15

Building Ethernet LANs: UTP Pinouts

Straight-through Cables: How the wire pairs communicate

Crossover Cable for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T

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Figure 5-16

Building Ethernet LANs: UTP Pinouts

Straight-through Cables: TIA cabling standards specify which color pair to put in each position in connectors on each end of cable
T568A on one end, and T568B on the other.

TIA Pinout Standards T568A and T568B to Create a Crossover Cable

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Figure 5-17

Break
Take 15

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer

IEEE defines Media Access Control (MAC) header /trailer as part of 802.3 standard Standard defines how Ethernet devices access physical media Frame holds MAC header (Ethernet header), data, and MAC trailer (Ethernet trailer) Header and trailers include several fields

Ethernet Frame Format

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Figure 5-18

Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

Ethernet Frame Fields, Part 1
Field Preamble Description 7 bytes of repeating binary 10 (allows all devices to synchronize at physical layer) Start Frame Delimiter 1 more byte of preamble that ends with binary 11 instead of 10 (signals that destination address follows) 6-byte address that identifies Ethernet destination device 6-byte address that identifies sending device Shorthand Reminder Get ready last byte before addresses!

SFD Destination MAC Address Source MAC Address

To there
From here
Table 5-5

Ethernet Header and Trailer Fields

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

Ethernet Frame Fields, Part 2
Field
Type Data

Description

Shorthand Reminder

FCS

2-byte code that identifies type of data in data Data type field (often refers to IPv4 packet) Data from Ethernets perspective (includes all Actual data headers from upper layers plus user data) Frame Check Sequence used to determine if any bits change during transmission (receiver discards Error check frame if errors occur)

Ethernet Header and Trailer Fields

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Table 5-5

Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

Preamble and SFD: Work together to give other nodes on link warning that new frame is coming
Repeat binary 10 for most of combined 8 bytes but with last two bits of SFD at 11 (signals end of SFD)

Destination MAC address: Identifies destination device; switches use it to forward frame to destination Source MAC address: Identifies sending device; switches use address to learn topology of LAN Type: Identifies type of data in data field Data: Holds data supplied by layer above Network

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

When a user opens a web browser and types in a URL, the PC builds an HTTP GET request. That request sits in a TCP segment, which sits in an IP header, forming an IP packet. The PC needs to send that packet to the nearby router. To send the IP packet over the Ethernet, the PC encapsulates the IP packet inside an Ethernet frame. The data field of the frame holds the IP packet, and the Ethernet Type field lists a number that notes that the data is an IP Version 4 (IPv4) packet.

The Ethernet Data Field with IP, TCP, and HTTP Header Included
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Figure 5-19

Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

Trailer Frame Check Sequence (FCS): Used to detect transmission errors
Destination node performs error detection when it receives frame Sending node: 1. Prepares entire frame except for FCS field 2. Inputs frame (without FCS field) into math formula with a 32bit result 3. Copies 32-bit math result into FCS field 4. Sends frame

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Header/Trailer Fields

Trailer Frame Check Sequence (FCS): Used to detect transmission errors
Receiving node: 1. Receives frame and sets aside FCS

2. Inputs frame (without FCS field) into same math formula as the sender, with 32-bit result
3. Compares new 32-bit result with received FCS value 4. If equal, no errors occurred; if unequal, errors occurred so node discards frame

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Address

IEEE defines MAC addresses as 48-bit numbers usually written in hexadecimal (hex)
Each hex digit represents 4 bits (MAC address = 12 hex digits)

Examples of how MAC address expressed

00000010 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 02123456789A 0212.3456.789A 02.12.34.56.78.9A

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Exploring Ethernet: MAC Address

Universal MAC address: Permanent address unique across all networks Uses 2-part format:
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): Code registered to vendor; first half of MAC address Vendor assigned: Unique serial number chosen by vendor; second half of MAC address

IEEE Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) and Unique MAC Addresses

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Figure 5-20

Exploring Ethernet: MAC Address

IEEE Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) and Unique MAC Addresses

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Figure 5-20

Exploring Ethernet: LAN Switching

Example of how a switch forwards frames

Switch Forwarding Decision: Single Switch

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Figure 5-21

Exploring Ethernet: LAN Switching

Example of how a switch forwards frames (2 switches)

Independent Switch Forwarding Decisions: Two Switches

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Figure 5-22

Exploring Ethernet: Switch Flooding

Unknown Unicast Frame: When switch does not list destination MAC in MAC table
Frame is broadcast by switch out all ports

Broadcast Frame: Frames with destination MAC address FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

Switches floods broadcast frame out all ports

Flooding an Unknown Unicast Frame

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Figure 5-23

Exploring Ethernet: Switch Flooding

Example of Broadcast Frame

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Exploring Ethernet: Switch Learning

Switches build MAC address tables two ways
Entries manually typed into MAC address table Switch learns MAC addresses by reading frames that pass through it

Example: Learning addresses

SW1 has just powered on so MAC address table is empty PC A sends frame that arrives in SW1s G1 port

Switch has to learn where PC A is (in this case, connected to SW1s port G1)
SW1 adds PC As MAC address to its MAC address table
SW1 Learns the MAC Address of PC A
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Exploring Ethernet: Switch Learning

Example of how switches learn MAC addresses

SW1 and SW2 Learn MAC Table Entries for PC A

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Figure 5-26

Summary, This Chapter

Listed the major differences between WAN technologies and Ethernet LAN technologies. Distinguished between Ethernet features that are different or the same across the 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1000Mbps Ethernet standards. Gave examples of some of the former and current competing technologies to Ethernet technologies in the LAN market.

Listed the different speeds supported by Ethernet standards.

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Summary, This Chapter

Explained what functions the IEEE autonegotiation process chooses, and how that helps campus LANs support multiple Ethernet standards. Drew the UTP cabling pinouts for straight-through and crossover cables to support 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps Ethernet, and a diagram of an Ethernet frame, naming all header and trailer fields. Described the process of how the IEEE ensures universal MAC addresses are not duplicated.

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Summary, This Chapter

Gave an example of how a switch forwards a unicast Ethernet frame when a switch has a full MAC address table. Gave an example of how a switch forwards a unicast Ethernet frame when a switch has a full MAC address table. Gave an example of how a switch learns the entries in its MAC address table.

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Questions? Comments?

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