ENERGY CHANGES

PHYSICAL CHANGES

CHEMICAL CHANGES

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHEMICALS AND PHYSICAL CHANGES

Chemical Change Physical change

Similarities

Substances can undergo changes .............................. physically

Differences

Yes Yes Difficult More

New substances formed Change in chemical composition Reversibility Energy needed

No

No
Easy Less
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iodine is heated, purple vapour When the .. is formed. solid gas without Iodine changes from .to liquid state (sublimation). going through the .. touches the cold When the iodine vapour surface of the watch glass, the vapour changes .. solid back into .. state (black crystal). iodine Solid . forms on the lower surface of the watch glass. The change of solid iodine into iodine vapour is reversible .. physical This is a .change. BACK
3

ice same Water and ................ have the ...................... particles.

The differences between water and ice are in terms of the arrangement movement ...............................and ......................... of the particles. change into .................. water Ice can easily ................... heated ....................... Yes Is this a reversible process ? ........................ when it is

Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ...........................

No Is new product formed ? .....................

BACK
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ribbon burns with a ............... bright flame and The magnesium .................... white ash. forms .............. During the process: heat light - ..................... and .................... are given off. oxygen Magnesium combines with ...................in the air to magnesium oxide form ......................

magnesium oxide is different from .................................. magnesium ..................................,

magnesium oxide (white ash ) .

Magnesium + oxygen
(grey metal)

No Is this a reversible process ?........................

Released Is energy absorbed or released ? ........................... Yes Is new product formed ? ..................... BACK
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rust oxygen water Iron nails ........................... when ........................ and ......................... are present. brown substance that consists of................................ iron oxide Rusts is a .................

Water Iron ................... + Oxygen + ....................

Iron oxide (Rust) .............................

No Is this reversible process ? ..................... Absorbed Is energy absorbed or released ? ........................... Yes Is new product formed ?.....................

BACK
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An endothermic reaction is a reaction which absorbs heat energy from the surroundings.
BACK

An exothermic reaction is a reaction which releases heat energy to the surroundings.

BACK

A.REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH WATER

The reaction of metal with water will produce hydrogen gas and alkali

 Sodium and calcium (very active metal) reacts very fast in cold water. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc (less active metal) reacts with hot water or steam. Non active metals such as gold and silver do not react with either water or steam.

10

Chemical equations
Sodium + Water Sodium + hydroxide hydrogen

Magnesium + Water

Magnesium + hydrogen oxide

For experiment : Refer to Appendix 1

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B.

REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH DILUTE ACID

Some metals react with dilute acid to produce salt and hydrogen General equation: METAL + ACID SALT + HYDROGEN

Magnesium, aluminium and zinc react with dilute acid Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute acid

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2.Type of salt produced depends on the type of acid used.

Examples:

Zinc + sulphuric acid

Magnesium + sulphuric acid

zinc sulphate + hydrogen

magnesium sulphate + hydrogen

Aluminium + sulphuric acid

Aluminium sulphate + hydrogen

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C.

REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH OXYGEN

air When heated in ......................, most metals react with oxygen metal oxide .......................to form ...........................

Metal + Oxygen General equation

metal oxide ...........................

brighter The more reactive the metal, the ...........................

the flame produced.

For experiment : Refer to Appendix 2
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The reactivity of metals with oxygen depends on the reactivity series

Metal

+ Oxygen

Metal oxide Iron oxide Zinc oxide

Iron + oxygen Zinc + metal

For experiment : Refer to Appendix 3

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Symbol

Reactivity

Metal

Reaction with water

Reaction with steam

Reaction with acid

Reaction with oxygen

K Na Ca

Most Reactive

Potassium
Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin (Stanum) Lead Copper Silver

Hydrogen gas released Metal hydroxides formed No reaction No reaction

No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

Explosion

Explosion Violent reaction

Burn brightly forming oxides

Mg
Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu

Hydrogen gas released Metal oxides formed

React fast Hydrogen gas released Metal salts formed

Burn if strongly heated

No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

React slowly Hydrogen gas released No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

Metals do not burn but oxide layer formed

Ag
Au Pt
Least Reactive

No reaction No reaction No reaction

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Gold Platinum

Carbon and reactivity series

Metal compounds higher up in the reactivity series are more stable (not easily decomposed by heat). These metal compounds can only be decomposed by electrolysis. Example: Decomposition of sodium chloride by electrolysis.
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 Compounds of metals lower down in the reactivity series are less stable and can be decompose easily by heating. These metal oxides can be reduced by carbon (reducing agent) into metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Zinc oxide + Carbon Zinc + Carbon dioxide

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Symbol Mg Al C

Reactivity

Reaction of metal oxides with carbon No reaction No reaction

Least active

Zn
Fe

Less active
Active

Sn
Pb
Most active

More active
Most active

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Oxygen

Water Acid

with
Reactivity of metals

Energy and chemical changes

Reaction of metal oxides with carbon

Extraction of metal ores by carbon and electrolysis

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5.4 Applying the concepts of the reactivity series of metal

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CONCEPTS OF REACTIVITY SERIES

A more reactive metal can take oxygen from the oxide of other less reactive metal to form the less reactive metal and the oxide of the more reactive metal. Example:
Aluminium + iron oxide
More reactive metal
Oxide of less reactive metal

iron + aluminium oxide

Less reactive metal Oxide of more Reactive metal

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 A more reactive non-metal (carbon) also can take oxygen from the oxide of other less reactive metal to form the less reactive metal and carbon dioxide. Example:
Carbon + iron oxide
More reactive nonmetal Oxide of less reactive metal

iron + carbon dioxide

Less reactive metal

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Extraction of metals
Metal Potassium Sodium Calcium Electrolysis Extraction method

Magnesium
Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Mercury Silver Gold Exist in metal form
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By heating the ore with carbon in a furnace

Heating the ore alone

EXTRACTION OF TIN FROM TIN ORE (CASSITERITE)

200oC

Sulphur + arsenic

400oC

Tin ore + carbon limestone Tin +Carbon dioxide

Sulphur dioxide + arsenic oxide

1000oC

1400oC

Blast furnace Hot air Slag is used as road surfaces Liquid tin is collected at bottom of furnace

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5.5. UNDERSTANDING ELECTROLYSIS

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5.5. UNDERSTANDING ELECTROLYSIS

1 State what electrolysis is 2 State what anode, cathode, anion, cation and electrolyte are 3 Describe the electrolysis of an electrolyte using carbon electrodes 4 Explain the uses of electrolysis in industry
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5.5

ELECTROLYSIS
Switch Ammeter

A
Rheostat

Diagram 1
Anode

Cathode

anion

Cation

Electrolyte
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Worksheet 1 Meaning of Electrolysis

Electrolysis Electrolyte Electrodes

decomposition of substance using ..................... electricity Process of .................................... decomposes whenelectricity Substance that ........................... passes through. enter or .................. leave Substance that allow electricity to..................
an electrolyte.

Cathode Anode Cations Anions

negative The ............................... electrode positive The ................................. electrode positively charged ions .......................... negatively charged ions ...........................

Electrical energy

?
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The Experiment Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide

Lead Bromine

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31

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2. Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide

Anode
negatively The .............................. charged bromide ..................... ions move to the anode

Cathode
positively The .............................. charged lead ..................... ions move to the

cathode
Bromide ....................... ions release electrons .......................... to the anode and form bromine ...............................molecules Bromide ............. Lead ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and lead become ........................ atom. Lead ion + electron ................. Lead ........atom deposited Lead metal is ............................. on cathode the ...................

ion + electron .............

bromine ................molecules Two ............. bromine atoms form one

bromine molecule

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2. Electrolysis of molten copper (II) chloride

Anode
negatively The .............................. charged chloride ..................... ions move to the anode

Cathode
positively The .............................. charged copper ..................... ions move to the

cathode
Chloride ....................... ions release electrons .......................... into the anode and chlorine form ...............................molecules chloride ............. ion + electron .............. Copper ................... ions receive electrons .........................from the cathode and copper atom. turn into ........................ copper ion .....................

+ electron

chloride ...............molecules

copper atom .............

............. chlorine atoms form one Two chlorine molecule

Copper metal is ............................. deposited on the cathode ...................

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USES OF ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRY

A. Electroplating

corrode Objects made of iron .................. easily when exposed to air.
coated prevent To ........................... iron objects from corrosion, they are

with a thin layer of non reactive metal such as copper. The aims of electroplating are to make objects more ....................... and .................. to corrosion.
resistant
attractive

Click for experiment

35

The figure shows an iron spoon being electroplated with copper.

cathode i) An iron spoon is used as the ........................ anode ii) Copper is used as the .............. copper iii) The electrolyte is a solution of ......................

compound

At the anode :
The copper dissolves forming

positively ............................charged copper ions. Copper as anode

At the cathode:

The .................... ions receive electrons,

forming a coat of ...................... on iron spoon. A rheostat is used to control the current flow in Iron spoon small the circuit so that a ..................... and steady

copper

copper

current is used. This is to ensure that the coating

Copper sulphate solution

firm even is .......................... and ......................

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NON-REACTIVE METALS SUCH AS COPPER , SILVER AND GOLD

ARE FOUND AS FREE ELEMENTS.

THESE METALS CONTAIN IMPURITIES AND CAN BE PURIFIED BY ELECTROLYSIS
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THE IMPURE METAL IS THE ANODE

THE PURE METAL OF THE SAME TYPE IS THE CATHODE

THE ELECTROLYTE IS THE METAL SALT SOLUTION CONSISTING OF METALLIC IONS WHICH IS TO BE PURIFIED

IN THE PURIFICATION OF COPPER; The impure copper is used as anode The pure copper is used as cathode The electrolyte is copper sulphate solution
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39

B. Extraction of metals
anode carbon

Oxygen gases

Cathode carbon

Bauxite + cryolite

Molten aluminium

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B. Extraction of metals
At the cathode
aluminium i) The positively charged ....................... Electrolysis is a process to extract metals magnesium and such as sodium, ...................... reactive aluminium which are more .................... than carbon. Aluminium is extracted through electrolysis from molten bauxite .............................. ions are attracted to the cathode. ii) Aluminium ions receive electrons atoms and become aluminium ......................

At the anode:
i) The negatively charged oxide ..................... ions are attracted to the anode.

DIAGRAM

ii) Oxide ions release electrons to

become

oxygen atoms ...................

iii) The oxygen atom pairs together to form oxygen ............ gas
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A
Anode (impure copper) Cathode ( Pure copper)

C. Purification of metals

A
Copper sulphate solution

Mass of anode
decreases ..................

Impurities

Mass of cathode increases .................. 42

The diagram shows how electrolysis is used to purify copper impure copper The anode is made of ..
pure copper The cathode is made of .. copper sulphate solution The electrolyte used is .. When electricity is passed through the electrolyte: i) The copper anode dissolves to form . copper ions ii) The positively charged copper ions are attracted to cathode the cathode iii) Copper ions receive electrons from the . and form copper atoms which are deposited on the cathode impurities iv) At the same time the settle to the bottom
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ELECTROLYSIS is a process of breaking down chemical substances in aqueous solution or molten state to its constituents by using .. Electrical energy .......... energy

(molten aluminium oxide) G . EXAMPLE: (At cathode):Aluminium ion + electrons Aluminium atom (At anode):Oxide ion Oxygen atom + electron

44

ELECTROPLATING IRON NAIL WITH COPPER Name of process : .. Metal M: ... Electrolyte,N: .. **To obtain a good quality: 1. Dilute should be used.

2 Use .. electric current.

Metal becomes ..

Iron nail is coated with .. layer.

ANODE:

CATHODE: . 45

**TASK 4

PURIFICATION OF COPPER

Name of process : .. Electrolyte,P: .. ***The presence of impurities in copper will . its electrical conductivity. Hence, copper has to be . before it is used as a conductor of electricity.

Impure copper.. And impurities are left at the base.

metal is formed and becomes ..

ANODE:

CATHODE: . 46

THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY A SIMPLE CELL

G

A simple cell consists of two

electrodes electrolyte ....................... and an...........................
Zinc plate ................

Two electrodes made of two different

metals ............... salt solution The electrolyte can be a .........................., dilute acid dilute alkali ....................... or ...............................

Copper ................ ........ plate

The diagram shows a simple cell circuit.

copper (II) sulphate solution ........................................................

In the cell,
Zinc i) .................... and copper plates are used electrodes as .....................

Cont 3 Cont 4

Zinc ii) ................ is more reactive than copper

copper (II) sulphate 47 iii) The electrolyte used is ..............................

solution

EXERCISE 1
In a simple cell, the more reactive metal acts as the negative ......................... terminal which gives out electron and the positive less reactive metals acts as the ...................... terminal.
negative In this process, the zinc plate is the ................... electrode positive and the copper plate is the ...................... electrode. electrons The .................. from the zinc atoms flow to the copper zinc electrode through the connecting wire. Thus the .................. electrode dissolves in the electrolyte. hydrogen At the copper electrode , ........................ ion from the electrolyte receives the electrons. positive The flow of electron from ..................electrode to ............... electrode through the connecting wire deflect the galvanometer. This proves that the process produces 48 electrical ........................... energy. negative

CELL AND THEIR USAGE

Type of cells

Dry cells

.............................. Remote control ...Alarm clock .............................. Used in vehicles .............................. .... .... .............................. .....
Radios Torchlights Toys

Uses Transistor radio

............................ Small ............................ Portable

Cheap .............................. High voltage ...................................... ..............................

Advantages Light

Disadvantages Non-rechargeable ............................ Not long lasting

............................ Leakage may happen .............................. Heavy ............................ ............................

Acid might spill .............................. Distilled water need to be added Expensive

Wet cells

.....

Rechargeable Long-lasting

...................................... ...... ...................................... Large current ...... Constant voltage

Small, long-lasting ...................................... Portable Steady voltage Long-lasting

..............................
Non-rechargeable

Alkaline batteries

Watches, ..............................

....

Calculators,
Hearing aids Cameras

...

Expensive Non-rechargeable

.
Use in electronic such as devices digital camera

...................................... Constant current ... ...................................... Long-lasting

Rechargeable

................................... ADV 5 ..
Expensive
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5.7 LIGHT AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CLICK HERE
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Photosensitive Chemicals

sensitive to light . Some chemicals are .................. decompose when ........................ exposed The chemicals will ................... to light.

Examples of photosensitive chemicals are .................................... and

silver nitrate ............................................
stored The chemicals cannot be .................. in a glass bottle.

hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide
water oxygen

water oxygen .................. + ...........

light decomposes into In the presence of ......................... ,hydrogen peroxide ......................

..................... and ..............

Silver chloride

silver chlorine ...................... + ............... opaque

silver chlorine Silver chloride decomposes into ........................... and ..........................

The chemicals are stored in an ..................... glass bottle.

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Instructions : Students are asked to answer the questions in Worksheet 2 after discussion.
Water and mineral salts are absorbed from the soil by the roots light energy .................

Photosynthesis
chlorophyll During photosynthesis, ................... light energy (green pigment) absorbs .......................... split The energy is used to ............. the .

Oxygen is released into the air

Glucose is sent to the whole plant

water ..................... molecules into hydrogen oxygen ....................... and ....................... Oxygen .........................is released into the air ............................... hydrogen The ........................ atoms reacts with

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air Carbon dioxide ..................................

glucose carbon dioxide to form .........................

Water ................................ +

sunlight Chlorophyll

Glucose + ............................

Oxygen .............................
52

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
chlorophyll carbon dioxide oxygen glucose

water

water oxygen + . .

carbon dioxide

+ .

glucose

Sunlight .

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Instructions : Students are asked to answer questions in Worksheet 3 after discussion. Photographic paper
silver bromide Photographic paper is coated with ......................... .

When ............... falls on the paper, silver bromide is

decomposed .......................... into ........................... and ....................... . silver The formation of .................... atoms on the photographic silver bromine

light

paper causes....................... black areas on the paper.

greyish

Silver bromide

...................... + ............... (Grey)

Silver

Bromine

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