Modeling and Control of Offshore Wind Turbine for Grid Code Compliance

Group Members: Ahmed Daniyal Siddiqui Arshad Lu Tong Supervisor: Dr. Olimpo Anaya Lara

Project Objective
Thorough understanding of offshore Wind Turbine and Wind Farms. Wind Turbine controlling techniques and optimum power transfer. Connection schemes between Wind Turbines and Wind Farms. Transfer of Electrical Power from offshore to onshore grid.

Project Specification
Three Offshore Wind Farm located in same geographical area. Each having power production capacity of 0.5 GW Total Capacity of 1500 MW Connected to National Grid 160 km distance from onshore grid.

Offshore Wind Energy

Wind energy is a clean, stand-alone source of energy that avoids the import of fossil fuels. Higher Wind Speed and high power production offshore, e.g. The wind out at sea can be up to 40% more frequent and regular than on land. Less Environmental Impact in terms of noise etc Higher installation cost and weather dependability. Not a mature technology as onshore.

Wind Turbine Technology

FIXED SPEED WIND TURBINE
A squirrel cage induction generator directly connected to the grid. Rotor rotates at a fixed speed defined by the grid frequency Robust, cheap and simple operation The wind speed variation is translated into mechanical torque.

VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE

Lower electrical efficiency and higher aerodynamic efficiency. More control due to the use of power electronic convertor Provide support to grid in case of voltage disturbances DFIG, PMSG, FRC

Fig Ref: Evaluation of the DFIG Wind Turbines in PSS/E by Mohammad Seyedi, Chalmers university of Technology sweden

Power Electronic Convertor

SOFT STARTERS
An anti parallel connection of two thyristors. Used in Fixed Speed wind turbines to energize the generator. Control the starting current of an induction generator efficiently To synchronize the output of wind turbine to grid

PWM CONVERTOR
IGBT Based technology Higher switching frequency and losses More control and robustness than soft starters Connected to the rotor of induction generator

Xiguo Gong, A 3.3kV IGBT module and application in Modular Multilevel converter for HVDC, Semiconductor Division Mitsubishi Elec tric & Electronics (Shanghai) Shanghai, China

Wind Turbine: STW-3.6-120

Manufacturer Power rating Siemens 3.6 MW

Rotor Diameter Blade Length

Power Regulation Generator Type

120 m 58.5 m
Pitch Regulation with variable speed Asynchronous

Offshore Wind Turbine Connection

To collect power from individual turbine and transmit it to the offshore convertor station Configuration can vary depending on wind farm size, economical aspects such as cable cost, power losses etc Distances between wind turbines varies depending on the type of wind turbine and geographical location of wind farm Radial, Single sided ring, and star collectors are the main topologies used.
Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, Jun Liang, Topologies of multiterminal HVDC-VSC transmission for large offshore wind farms

Wind Farm Connection

Each wind farm is connected to electrical collector station, this may be one or more depending on the wind farm size This collector station is then connected to DC convertor station through AC power cables One DC convertor station may be connected to one or more collector stations depending on the power capacity of wind farm and convertor station

Electrical Power Transfer

HVDC
No technical limit on the transmission distance Greater Power Control No Reactive power support needed. Bulk power transmission. High convertors cost Complex control mechanism

HVAC
Used mainly for onshore wind farm connections. Cut off length of 50-100 km for offshore submarine cables Increase in line losses with distance Not suitable for large offshore wind farm located far away from coastal line.
Partners Glasgow UK June 2003.

Fig Ref: Gardner, Craig, Smith, "Electrical Systems for Offshore Wind Farms", Garrad Hassan and

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

HVDC LCC
Thyristor based technology Need strong AC network to connect. Use Mass impregnated oil cables. Low switching frequency/minimum losses

HVDC VSC
IGBT based technology Independent control of reactive and active power Provides continuous ac voltage regulation Black-start capability Cheaper offshore platform. High switching frequency and high losses

Lie Xu, Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Farms, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queens University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK

Multi Terminal VSC HVDC

Latest technologies are based on MMC HVDC PLUS, HVDC LIGHT, HVDC MaxSine Can be used with any wind turbine generator, e.g. SCIG, DFIG, FCG. Can provide support to the AC grid in time faults. Different operational mode depending on the levels of convertor used, e.g. Droop line control and Master slave control.

Xiguo Gong, A 3.3kV IGBT module and application in Modular Multilevel converter for HVDC, Semiconductor Division Mitsubishi Elec tric & Electronics (Shanghai) Shanghai, China

Submarine DC cables
EXTRUDED POLYMER
Lower Cost Compatible with VSC HVDC Limited Capacity and low voltage levels Easy to manufacture

MASS IMPREGNATED
Expensive relative to Extruded polymer Available in high current and power rating Need very skilled labor for cable connection

National Grid Code Compliance

There are two limitations on maximum power transfer from offshore to onshore grid. Maximum infeed loss of 1000MW per convertor station Maximum infeed loss of 1800MW per cable To connect the wind farm to NG you should comply with these requirements.
National Grid, Offshore Infeed Loss Working Group (GSR013), July 2012

Block Diagram

Questions?