Chapter 14 Chemical Reactions

Liberty Christian Academy General Chemistry Miss Kostura

Forming New Substances

What is the difference?

Forming New Substances

Leaves change colors in the fall but what

is happening to cause this change?

Leaves contain a compound called

chlorophyll. Chlorophyll undergoes a chemical change and forms simpler substances that have no color.

Forming New Substances

You see the red, orange, and yellow colors

because the green color of the chlorophyll no longer hides them.

Forming New Substances

Leaves changing colors in the fall are an

example of a chemical reaction.

def: the process by which one or more substances undergo change to produce one or more different substances.
Recall, the new substances have different

chemical and physical properties.

Forming New Substances

Examples of chemical reactions

Forming New Substances

Clues to help you recognize a chemical

reaction

1. Gas formation 2. Solid formation

3. Color change
4. Energy change

Forming New Substances

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is great heres

why!
Dissolved under pressure = carbonated

beverages CO2 gas is not combustible & is denser than air= fire extinguishers dry ice/solid CO2 = cooling effect, better than ice

Forming New Substances

New substances form because chemical

bonds in the starting substance break.

Then atoms rearrange.
Finally, a new bond forms in the new

substance.

Forming New Substances

Remember a chemical symbol is

shorthand for writing an element.

Oxygen = O Nitrogen = N Carbon = C

Forming New Substances

Chemical formula

def: a shorthand way of writing a compound or a diatomic element using chemical symbols and numbers.
Example: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

Forming New Substances

the number represents how many of each

kind of atom is present in a molecule.

H2O tells you that a water molecule is

composed of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

The 2 is a subscript. Subscripts are

written below and to the right of a chemical

Forming New Substances

When no subscript is present after a

symbol it indicates only one atom of the element.

Example: H2O, N2O

Forming New Substances

Lets try a compound a little more

difficult how many atoms of each element are in this formula?

Na2SO4 Ca(NO3)2

Forming New Substances

Writing Formulas for Covalent Compounds

The prefix used in the name represents the

number of atoms in that compound.

Forming New Substances

Prefixes to memorize
monoditritetrapentahexa1 2 3 4 5 6

Forming New Substances

How to write a chemical formula from the

name of a covalent compound

The lack of a prefix indicates only 1 atom.
The prefix di indicates 2 atoms etc.

Example: carbon dioxide = CO2 dinitrogen monoxide = N2O

Forming New Substances

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

If the name contains a metal and

nonmetal the compound is probably ionic.

Forming New Substances

Heres how
1. Make sure the overall charge is zero.

2. The formula may need subscripts to

cause the charges of the ions to cancel out. (Remember the charge of many ions can be determined by looking at the periodic table.) Example: Mg is in column 2, it has a +2

Forming New Substances

Practice
Sodium Chloride NaCl

sodium ion has 1+ charge chloride ion has a 1- charge ** one sodium ion & one chloride ion have an overall charge of zero*** (+1) + (-1) = 0

Forming New Substances

Practice
Magnesium Chloride - MgCl2

magnesium ion has a 2+ charge chloride ion has a 1- charge ** one magnesium ion & two chloride ions have an overall charge of zero** (+2) + 2(-1) = 0

Forming New Substances

How do all chemists know what each other

means? chemical equation def: a shorthand description of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols.

This form is understood around the world and

needs no explanation.

Forming New Substances

Chemical reactions involve two sides of

the equation.
Reactants yield Reactants Products Products

Reactants- starting materials Products- substances formed from a

Forming New Substances

Reactants
Example: C + O2

Products
CO2

Charcoal for barbecuing contains C. The C reacts with O in the air, and the primary product is CO2.

Forming New Substances

Make sure you are accurate in writing the

substances of a reaction carefully.

Remember to use the proper chemical

symbol. MISTAKES CO2 vs. CO vs. Co

Dont forget to write a subscript of 2 for the

diatomic elements.
( 7 total: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 )

Forming New Substances

What about hydrogen gas, H2, as fuel for

vehicles.
Mode: as H burns, water is the only

product.
Benefits: cheaper, less air pollution.

Forming New Substances

An equation MUST BE BALANCED!!!
Every atom in the reactants becomes part of

the products.
Atoms are never lost or gained in a chemical

equation.
The number of atoms of each element on the

reactants side must equal the number of atoms

Forming New Substances

Remember

You CAN NOT CHANGE SUBSCRIPTS

You can change coefficients

Forming New Substances

French chemist, Antoine Lavoisier (1700s)

performed experiments and determined that the total mass of reactants equaled the total mass of the products.
Law of conservation of mass def: mass is neither created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes

Forming New Substances

Therefore a chemical equation must

have the same number and kind of atom on both sides. Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Forming New Substances

Review Questions
Page 357 #1 - 5

Types of Chemical Reactions

Types of Chemical Reactions
1. Synthesis Reactions

2. Decomposition Reactions
3. Single-Replacement Reactions 4. Double-Replacement Reactions

Types of Chemical Reactions

What happens when something decomposes?

What happens when something synthesizes?

Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis Reaction
def: a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single compound.

Example: A + B 2Na + Cl2

AB 2NaCl

Types of Chemical Reactions

Decomposition Reaction
def: a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.

Example: AB H2CO3

A+B H2O + CO2

Types of Chemical Reactions

Single-Replacement Reaction
def: a reaction in which an element takes the place of another element that is part of a compound. Note: the products are a new compound and a different element. Example: A + BC AC + B

Types of Chemical Reactions

Double Replacement Reaction
def: a reaction in which ions in two compounds switch places. One of the products of this reaction is often a gas or a precipitate. Example: AB + CD NaCl + AgF AD + CB NaF + AgCl

Types of Chemical Reactions

Review Questions
Page 360 # 1 & 2

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Every chemical reaction involves chemical

ENERGY!
During a reaction, the chemical bonds that

hold the reactants together are broken as they absorb energy.

When new bonds form in the products, the

energy is released.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

If the reactants contain more chemical

energy than the products energy will be released during the reaction this is called exothermic.
def: a chemical reaction in which energy is released or removed.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

This energy can be released in several

different forms such as light, electrical, or thermal. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl + energy

Example: Campfire (light & thermal energy

are released)

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

If the reactants contain less chemical

energy than the products energy is absorbed during the reaction this is called endothermic. def: a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Written as

2H2O + energy

2H2 + O2

Example: Photosynthesis plants use energy from the sun 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Just like mass is never created or

destroyed in chemical reactions the same is true for energy.

Law of conservation of energy

def: energy can neither be created or destroyed

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

The energy that is released in an

exothermic reaction was originally stored in the reactants.

The energy absorbed in an endothermic

reaction is used to fuel the reaction and ends up in the products.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

All substances need energy to start a

reaction.
Example: a match contains all the reactants needed to burn, but it will not burn until energy is added. This energy comes from the friction of striking it.
Activation energy def: the minimum amount of energy

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Example: an electric spark in a cars

engine provides activation energy to begin the burning of gasoline.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Look at 2 diagrams on page 363

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Factors affecting rates of reactions-

measure of how rapidly the reaction takes place.

1. Temperature 2. Concentration

3. Surface area
4. Catalyst or Inhibitor

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Temperature- increasing the temperature

makes particles move faster increase rate of reaction. temperature = rate of reaction

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Concentration- increase the number of

reactant particles increase rate of reaction*. concentration =

reaction

rate of

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Surface area- increase the amount of

exposed surface of a solid reactant increases rate of reaction. surface area =

reaction

rate of

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Some reactions occur too slow for us so

we need to use a catalyst.

Catalyst- a substance that speeds up a reaction without being permanently changed.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Most reactions in your body are sped up

using catalysts called enzymes.

Everything your body does involves an

enzyme.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Amylase- an enzyme in your saliva

necessary for digestion of food its starts working as soon as the food enters your mouth.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Inhibitor- substance that slows down or

stops a chemical reaction.

Example: preservatives added to foods

are inhibitors that slow down the rates of bacteria or fungus which spoils food.

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Review Questions

Page 365 # 1, 2, & 4

Energy & Rates of Chemical Reactions

Chapter Review Quesitons Page 368 # 1-13, 15, 17-19, 21