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Atomic structure
Mrs Griffiths Wellington School

Atomic Structure

The structure of the atom

The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808 that proved this and called these particles ATOMS:

Dalton

NEUTRON neutral, same mass as proton (1)

PROTON positive, same mass as neutron (1)

ELECTRON negative, mass nearly nothing

The Atom
Nucleus Electron

Shell or Orbit

The Atom Hydrogen

Proton Electron

Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons

The Atom Helium

Proton Electron

Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

Mass and atomic number

Particle Proton Neutron Electron Relative Mass 1 1 0 Relative Charge 1 0 -1

MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons

SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously)

The Atom Helium

Proton Electron

Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

The Atom Lithium

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

The Atom Beryllium

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

The Atom Boron

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Carbon

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Nitrogen

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

The Atom Oxygen

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

The Atom Fluorine

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Neon

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Sodium

Protons Electrons

Neutrons

Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

How many protons, neutrons and electrons?

Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties. Vertical columns are called GROUPS

Mendeleev

Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

The Periodic Table

Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to their group number)
H Li Na K Be
Mg

He B Al Fe Ni Cu Zn Ag Pt
Au Hg

C Si

N P

O S

Ne

Cl Ar Br Kr I Xe

Ca

E.g. all group 1 metals have __ electron in their outer shell

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shells

These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell

The Periodic Table

Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell is added:
E.g. Lithium has 3 electronH in the configuration 2,1
Li Be
Mg

He B C N O F Ne

Na
K

Al
Fe Ni Cu Zn Sodium has 11 electrons in the Ag configuration 2,8,1 Pt
Au Hg

Si

Cl Ar
Br Kr I Xe

Ca

Potassium has 19 electrons in the configuration __,__,__

Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:

The Periodic Table

H

These elements are metals

B C N O F

He Ne

Li

Be
Mg

Na
K

Al
Fe Ni Cu Zn Ag Pt
Au Hg

Si

Cl Ar
Br Kr I Xe

Ca

This line divides metals from nonmetals

These elements are non-metals

Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

The Periodic Table

H

He B C N O F Ne

Li

Be
Mg

Na
K

Al
Fe Ni Cu Zn Ag

Si

Cl Ar
Br Kr I Xe

Ca

Hg Pt Au 1 E.g. consider the group metals. They all:

1) Are soft

2) Can be easily cut with a knife

3) React with water

Group 1 The alkali metals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Group 1 The alkali metals

Some facts 1) These metals all have ___ electron in their outer shell

2) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is because the electrons are further away from the _______ every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily.
3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and __________, e.g: Potassium + water 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) potassium hydroxide + hydrogen 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Words down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus

Group 0 The Noble gases

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

Some facts

Group 0 The Noble gases

1) All of the noble gases have a full outer shell, so they are very _____________

2) They all have low melting and boiling points

3) They exist as single atoms rather then diatomic molecules 4) Helium is lighter then air and is used in balloons and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice) 5) Argon is used in light bulbs (because it is so unreactive) and argon , krypton and neon are used in fancy lights

Group 7 The halogens

F Cl Br I At

Group 7 The Halogens

Some facts
1) Reactivity DECREASES as you go down the group reactivity

(This is because the electrons are further away from the nucleus and so any extra electrons arent attracted as much).
2) They exist as diatomic molecules (so that they both have a full outer shell):

Decreasing

Cl

Cl

3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room temperature and bromine is a gas

1) Halogen + metal:

The halogens some reactions

+ Na + Cl Na Cl

Halogen + metal 2) Halogen + non-metal: H + Cl

ionic salt

Cl

Halogen + non-metal

covalent molecule

How shells fill

The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons. The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons. The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.

Electron structure
Consider an atom of Potassium:

Potassium has 19 electrons. These are arranged in shells

Nucleus

The inner shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons

Electron structure

The next shell has the remaining __ electron

= 2,8,8,1

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Hydrogen 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron H Helium He 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Lithium Li

2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron

Beryllium 2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron Be

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Boron B Carbon C

2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron

2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Nitrogen N

2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron

Oxygen O

2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Fluorine F

2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron

Neon Ne

2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Sodium Na

2 electron 8 electron

1 electron

0 electron

Magnesium 2 electron 8 electron Mg

2 electron

0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Aluminium 2 electron 8 electron Al Silicon Si 2 electron 8 electron

3 electron

0 electron

4 electron

0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Phosphorus 2 electron 8 electron P Sulphur S 2 electron 8 electron

5 electron

0 electron

6 electron

0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Chlorine Cl Argon Ar

2 electron 8 electron

7 electron

0 electron

2 electron 8 electron

8 electron

0 electron

How the shells fill with electrons

Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4

Potassium

2 electron 8 electron

8 electron

1 electron

Calcium Ca

2 electron 8 electron

8 electron

2 electron

The First Twenty Elements

Hydrogen 1,0,0,0 Helium 2,0,0,0 Lithium 2,1,0,0 Beryllium 2,2,0,0 Boron 2,3,0,0 Carbon 2,4,0,0 Nitrogen 2,5,0,0

First 20 Elements continued

Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon 2,6,0,0 2,7,0,0 2,8,0,0 2,8,1,0 2,8,2,0 2,8,3,0 2,8,4,0

First 20 Elements continued

Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium 2,8,5,0 2,8,6,0 2,8,7,0 2,8,8,0 2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2

The Alkali metals

Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one electron in their outer shell and this is why they are found in group one of the periodic table.

The Nobel gases

The Nobel gases have full outer shells and they are found in group 0 of the periodic table. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.

The Halogens
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are the Halogens and they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. This is why they are found in group 7 of the periodic table.

Displacement
Fluorine can displace Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.

Cl

Br

Displacement
Chlorine can displace Bromine and Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine

Cl

Br

Displacement
Bromine can displace Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine or Chlorine

Br

Cl

Displacement
Iodine cannot displace Iodine Fluorine, Chlorine or Bromine

Cl

Br

Fluorine reacts with sodium chloride. Which equation is correctly shows this reaction?
F2 + 2Na 2NaF F + Na NaF 2F + 2Na 2NaF

Which will displace?

2NaF + Cl2 Yes or No 2NaBr + Cl2 Yes or No 2KI + I2 Yes or No 2LiCl + I2 Yes or No 2NaBr + I2 Yes or No 2NaBr + F2 Yes or No Cl2 + 2NaBr Yes or No

Four factors affecting Reaction Rate

Catalysts Temperature

Concentration

Surface Area

Catalyst
A catalyst speeds up or slows down a reaction but does not get used up by the reaction.

Temperature
If we increase the temperature of a reaction by 100C the rate will double this means the reaction will be complete in half the time.

Concentration
If we increase the concentration of a reactant the number of particles increase that in turn increases the chance of a collision and initiates a chemical reaction.

Surface area
The larger the particle size the smaller the relative area the slower the reaction. The smaller the particle size the greater the relative surface area and the faster the reaction.

Group 1
Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in group 1. They all have one electron in the outer shell. They are all metals. They react with group 7 to form metal halides.

Group 7
Fluorine ,Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. They all have 7 electrons in their outer shell. They are all coloured. They form metal halides with group 1 metals.

Group 0
These are the noble gases. They have complete electron shells. The electron shells are full. They are unreactive. They are inert. They do not react. They include, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon

Halogens
Name Colour Fluorine Pale Yellow State Gas M.P. -220 B.P. -188

Chlorine Green
Bromine Brown Iodine Slate grey

Gas
Liquid Solid

-101
-7 114

-34
59 184

Reactions
Sodium and Chlorine react to form Sodium Chloride. Iron and Chlorine react to form Iron Chloride. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl. Fe + Cl2 FeCl2.

Uses of the Halogens

Fluorine is put into water supplies to kill harmful bacteria and to help keep teeth healthy. Chlorine is used in swimming pools to bacteria in the water. Bromine is used in pesticides. Silver bromide is used in photography. Iodine is an antiseptic on cuts and grazes.