EE 552/452, Spring, 2008

Wireless Communications (and Networks)

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Class 26 May 6th, 2008

GSM System Architecture

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GSM interface

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GSM Network Structure

OMC

MSC/VLR BSC BIE BTS Abis BSS C Um MS HLR/ AUC A MSC/VLR E PSTN ISDN PSPDN H SC/VM MSS

F
EIR

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Mobile Station ( MS )

Equipment used by mobile service subscribers for access to services.

Mobile Equipment
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. A subscriber is identified with the SIM card.

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Base Transceiver Station ( BTS )

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Wireless transmission

Wireless diversity
Wireless channel encryption Conversion between wired and wireless signals Frequency Hopping

BaseBand Unit:
voice and data speed adapting and channel coding

RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating, transmitter and receiver

Common Control Unit:

BTS operation and maintenance
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Base Station Controller ( BSC )

Managing Wireless network-BSS Monitoring BTS Controls:

Wireless link distribution between MS and BTS Communication connection and disconnection MS location, handover and paging Voice encoding, transecoding (TC), rate, adaptation, The operation and maintenance functions of BSS.

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Mobile Service Switching Center ( MSC )

holds all the switching functions manages the necessary radio resources,
updating the location registration carrying out the inter-BSC and inter-MSC tender

Inter-working with other networks (IWF).

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Home Location Register ( HLR )

Manages the mobile subscribers database subscriber information part of the mobile location information 3 identities essential
the International Mobile subscriber Identity

the Mobile station ISDN Number

the visitor location register (VLR) address

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Visitor Location Register ( VLR )

Dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle incoming/outgoing calls

Mobile Station Roaming Number

When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This MSC warns the associated VLR of this situation; the mobile enters a registration procedure through which it is assigned a mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable The location area in which the mobile has been registered

Data related to supplementary service parameters

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AUC/EIR

Authentication Center(s) (AUC)

Providing the authentication key used for authorizing the subscriber access to the associated GSM PLMN.

Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR)

Handling Mobile Station Equipment Identity

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Overview: Function Layers of GSM-1

S ervice carrie r

O AM

Subsc riber

CM MM RR Tran smissi on

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Protocol Stack Structure of GSM

MS CM MM RR RR

BTS

BSC

MSC CM

RR BTSM

BS SAP MTP3

MM BS SAP SCCP MTP3 MTP2 A

BTSM SCCP LAPD MTP2 Abis

LAPDm Um

LAP Dm LAPD

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TDMA

Concept:
channel is composed of a series of timeslots of periodicity. Different signal energies are distributed into different timeslots. The adjacent channel interference is restricted by connection choosing from time to time. So the useful signal is passed only in the specified timeslot.

GSM adopts TDMA/FDMA mode

channel width: 200KHz, each channel has 8 timeslots

time

User 3
User 2 User 1

Frequency
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GSM Timeslot and Frame structure

Frequency

200KHz

BP

time interval

15/26ms
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GSM Spec

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Frequency Resource
GSM900 : up: 890~915MHz down: 935~960MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 25MHz frequency interval: 200KHz

EGSM900 : up: 880~890MHz down: 925~935MHz duplex interval: 45MHz bandwidth: 10MHz frequency interval: 200KHz GSM1900MHz: up:1850~1910MHz down:1930~1990MHz duplex interval: 80MHz working bandwidth: 60MHz frequency interval: 200KHz

GSM1800 : up: 1710-1785MHz down: 1805-1880MHz duplex interval: 95MHz working bandwidth: 75MHz frequency interval: 200KHz

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Frequency Resource
Single Band Network
Which one?

General Priority 900MHz 1800MHz 1900MHz Low

Reason

High

New Operator

Propagation Characteristic For Operator

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For Subscriber

Single Band Network

Single Band
Dual Band

900MHz 1800MHz

Triple Band

1900MHz

In a sense, the network determines the handsets can be selected. But nowadays, most handsets support dual band.

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Single Band Network

Cell coverage radius : We know

Propagation characteristic
The higher the propagation frequency The higher the propagation loss 900MHz 1800MHz 1900MHz

The smaller the cell coverage radius.

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Timeslot and Frame structure

1 super high frame = 2048 super frame = 2715648 TDMA frame 0 1 2 3 2044 2045 2046 2047
BCCH CCCH SDCH

SACCH/TCH FACCH

1 super frame = 1326 TDMA frame6.12s 0 0 1 2 1 3 47 48 24 49 25 50

1 multiplex frame = 26 TDMA frames120ms 1 multiplex frame = 51 TDMA frame 0 1 24 25 0 1 49 50

1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslot120/26 = 4.615ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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GSM Frame

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Control Channel Frame

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Time Slot Data Bursts

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GSM Frame Structure

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Physical Channel

The physical channel adopts FDMA and TDMA techs. On the time domain, a specified channel occupies the same timeslots in each TDMA frame, so it can be identified by the timeslot number and frame number.

0
8

1
9

2
10

3
11

4
12

5
13

6
14

7
15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

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GSM Speech

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GSM Speech

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Channel Type-Summary
14.4Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F14.4) 9.6Kbit/s FR TCH(TCH/F9.6) Data CH TCH Voice CH 4.8Kbit/s FR TCH (TCH/F4.8) 4.8Kbit/s HR TCH (TCH/H4.8) FR Voice Traffic Channel (TCH/FS) Enhanced FR Traffic Channel (TCH/EFR) HR Traffic Channel (TCH/HS) channel BCH CCH FCCH (down) SCH (down) BCCH (down) RACH (up) AGCH (down) PCH (down) SDCCH FACCH SACCH

CCCH

DCCH

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Channel Type

Traffic Channel
Transmit voice and data

Signaling Channel
transmit the signaling and synchronous data between BTS and MS.

BCH : Frequency Correction CHannelFCCH -- for MS error correction Synchronous ChannelSCH) -- for MS frame synchronization and BTS recognization Broadcasting Control CHannelBCCH -- broadcasting information(cell selection information, etc..)

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Channel Type

DCCH

Self-help Dedicated Control ChannelSDCCH for channel distribution information transmission Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH

combined with one traffic channel or SDCCH, to transmit some specific information of user information

Fast Associated Control Channel FACCH

combined with one traffic channel, taking the same signal as SDCCH. It occupies the service channel to transmit signaling information.
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Cell Mode Layout

Omni-directional cell Adopt omni-directional antenna the overall directional propagation characteristic is the same.
O

Directional cell

In general, cell with multi-sector is in common use. Every directional cell adopts directional antenna.

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BTS Mode

Capacity
When the traffic is very low, and no possibility for quick increment, Omni-directional cell is used in common. Otherwise, we suggest to adopt the sector cell.

Note: TRX-transceiver,each TRX handles 1 frequency.

Coverage Area
Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage radius because of the higher antenna gain. For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector cell is adopted firstly.

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System capacity

Erlang :
the traffic intensity of a totally occupied channel (i.e. the call hour of a unit hour or the call minute of a unit minute). For example, the traffic of a channel occupied for 30 minutes in an hour is 0.5 Erlang)

GOS:
defined as the probability of call blocking or the probability when the call delay time is longer than a given queuing time.

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Reasons for Interference

The transmission path is very complex, ranging from the simple line-ofsight transmission to encountering such terrain as buildings, hills and trees. Wireless channels are extremely unpredictable. Abrupt drop, or fading, of signal strength in the land mobile wireless channel is quite common. The fading feature of the mobile channel depends on the radio wave propagation environment. Environmental factors: Terrain (mountains, hills, plains, water bodies, etc.); The quantity, heights, distribution and materials of buildings; The vegetation of the region; Weather conditions; Natural and artificial electromagnetic noises; Frequency; How MS is moved.
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Interference

Co-Channel Interference
Conception: the interference among the signals of cochannel cells is called co-channel interference. Result from : Frequency reuse Reduction method: co-channel cells must physically be spaced at a minimum interval to ensure adequate isolation of transmissions.

Adjacent Channel Interference

Conception: The signal interference from the frequency adjacent to that of the signal used is called adjacent channel interference. Reduction method: accurate filtering and channel allocation (maximizing channel intervals of the cell). Interval of frequency reuse inter-cell interference, such as C/I, C/A
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Solution -Anti-interference

FH technology Dynamic power control (DPC) Discontinuous Transceiving (DTX) Diversity receiving technique

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Frequency Hopping Technique

Reason:
counteract Rayleigh Fading

scatter interference among multiple calls

Types:
Base band frequency hopping

keeps the transmission and receiving frequency of each carrier unit unchanged, but merely sends FU transmission data to different carrier units at different FN moments.
radio frequency hopping

controls the frequency synthesizer of each transceiver, making it hop according to different schemes in different time slots.

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Discontinuous Speech Transmission (DTX)

Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode:

lower the total interference electric level in the air

save transmitter power.

TRAU

BTS

BTS

MS

480 ms

comfort noise frame Speech frame

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Diversity Reception Technique

The multi-path propagation of radio signals causes magnitude fading and delay time.
Space Diversity (antenna diversity)
Polarization Diversity

orthogonal polarization diversity.

horizontal polarization and vertical polarization.

Frequency Diversity

The working principle of this technology is that such fading wont take place on the frequency outside the coherence bandwidth of the channel.

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Frequency Reuse

4 3 reuse mode: one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
D3 C1 C3 A1 D2 B2 A1 A2 B1 B3 C2 A1 A3 D2 C1 C3 C2 D1 D3 A2 B1 C3 B2 A1 A3 D2 A1 B1 B3 C2 D1 D3 D2 C1 C3

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Frequency Reuse

3 3 reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are distributed to 3 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.

B3 C1 C3 A1 A3 B2 A2

A1 A3 B1 B3 C1

B2 C1 C2 A1 A2

B3 A2 C3 B2 A3

A1 A3 B1 B3 C1

B2 C1 C2 A1 A2 A1 A3 C3

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Numbering Arrangement

International Mobile Subscriber Identification number (IMSI)

It identifies a unique international universal number of a mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN. 1) MCC: country code, 460 2MNC: network code, 00 or 01 3MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX, H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau (operator )to different provinces, to each province H3H4: assigned by each province/city

the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by specific device and software and be stored into the HLR with other user information.

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Mobile Subscriber ISDN NumberMSISDN

It is the subscriber number commonly used. China uses the TDMA independent numbering plan: CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC

CC: country code, 86

NDC: network code, 135139, 130 H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code

ABCD: mobile subscriber number inside each HLR

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International Mobile Equipment Identification code (IMEI)

It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is: TAC+FAC+SNR+SP

TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits

FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits SNR=sequence code, 6 digits

SP=reserved, 1 digit

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Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the subscriber by the VLR according to the request by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The MSRN is released and can be assigned to other subscriber later. CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC CC: country code, 86

NDC: mobile network code, 135139, 130 M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN ABC: 000 -- 999 Temporarily Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (TMSI)
To insure the IMSI security, the VLR will assign an unique TMSI number for the accessed subscriber. It is used locally only and is a 4-byte TMSI number BCD code.
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Main Features Of IS-95 (cdmaone)

Modulation is performed using DSSS. Employs variable rate coders. Powerful low rate forward error-correcting codes. Fast power control is employed to over come the near-far problem.

Soft handoff is employed.

Qualcomm code excited linear predictive (QCELP): 13.4 kbps

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Frequency and Channel Spec

Reverse: 824-849MHz, forward: 869-894MHz; PCS version 1800-2000MHz Data rate 9.6kb/s; chip rate 1.2288Mchips/s, spreading factor 128.

Power Control:
Rake receiver; Soft handoff

Close-loop/open-loop

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Forward CDMA channel

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Spec

Convolution code . Repetition circuit depending on speech Block interleaver Long PN sequence:

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Power Control

Open Loop Close Loop

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Orthogonal Covering and modulation

Walsh function: page 574 Quadrature modulation

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Uplink

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Reverse Link Spec

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CT2

CT2 is a cordless telephony standard that was used in the early nineties to provide shortrange proto-mobile phone service in some countries in Europe. It is considered the precursor to the popular DECT system.

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DECT

Digital Enhanced (formerly European) Cordless Telecommunications is an ETSI standard for digital portable phones, commonly used for domestic or corporate purposes. DECT can also be used for wireless data transfers. DECT is recognised by the ITU as fullfilling the IMT-2000 requirements and thus qualifies as a 3G system, as a part of the IMT-2000 group of technologies,

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DECT functional concept

Portable handset Radio fixed part

Cordless controller
Network-specific interface unit Supplementary services

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DEC spec

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PACS

type of wireless telephone network compatible with telephone sets, answering machines, fax machines, and computers. A PACS can be used like a local area network (LAN) with voice capability and can be part of a larger network or can be connected into the telephone system.

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PACS Spec

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PACS Frame Structure

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Other issues

Pacific Digital Cellular: Japan, similar to IS-54 Personal Handyphone System: Japan, like DECT Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band: Free US PCS:

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Analog overview

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Digital Cordless

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2G

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PCS

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Term Project

For presentator
Presentation Clearness

Timing Preparation for the slides Do you study something Ability to answer questions

For audience
Bonus on asking good questions

13 minutes + 2 minutes questions

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Final Comments

Final 60% why, why and why. 3 big questions. Control your time.

Hope you can get something that can ring a bell to you sometime in the future
Evaluation form: I would appreciate if you can fill. It is important for me
https://coeneval.boisestate.edu/index.htm

If you get A, you can ask me for reference in the future. After graduation, you will all be decent guys. Best wishes to your career. After success, do not forget BSU.

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