2 Busbar Protection

1 1 > Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection:
Including High Impedance,
Frame Leakage and
Directional Comparison
Principles
GRID
Technical Institute
This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
Busbar Protection
There are fewer faults
on busbars than on
other parts of the
power system
F
2
F
1
Without Busbar Protection
No dislocation of system due to accidental operation of busbar
protection
Slow Fault Clearance
Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by remote time delayed
protection on circuits feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection
Busbar Protection
F
2
F
1
Busbar
Zone

With Busbar Protection
Fast clearance by Breakers at the Busbars
Where Busbars are sectionalised, protection can limit the amount of
system disruption for a Busbar fault
Busbar protection must be
Reliable
Failure could cause widespread damage to the substation
Stable
False tripping can cause widespread interruption of
supplies to customers
Discriminating
Should trip the minimum number of breakers to clear the
fault
Fast
To limit damage and possible power system instability
Busbar faults are usually permanent
CAUSES
Insulation failures
Circuit breaker failures
Falling debris
Isolators operated outside their ratings
Safety earths left connected
Current transformer failures
THEREFORE:
CIRCUIT BREAKERS SHOULD BE TRIPPED AND
LOCKED OUT BY BUSBAR PROTECTION
Methods of providing Busbar protection
1. Remote Time Delayed Protection
2. Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection
3. Directional Comparison Protection
4. Phase Comparison Protection
5. Differential Protection: High Impedance
Low Impedance
Frame leakage protection
ADVANTAGES
1. Simple and economic form of protection
2. Ideal for the protection of phase segregated switchgear where
earth fault protection only is required

DISADVANTAGES
1. Insulation is required between switchgear sections
2. It is not possible to discriminate between faults on two sets of
busbars running through common switchgear frames
3. Care must be taken in construction of the substation in order to
ensure that the fixing bolts do not come in to contact with the
steel reinforcing of the concrete
Frame earth protection scheme
Only an earth fault system
Involves measuring fault current from switchgear frame to
earth
Switchgear insulated by standing on concrete plinth
Only one earthing point allowed on switchgear
C.T. mounted on single earth conductor used to energise
instantaneous relay
All cable glands must be insulated
Single Zone Frame - Earth Protection
64
G

Frame-earth
fault relay
H

J

K

+
Trip all circuit breakers
Switchgear frame
Current Distribution for External Fault
Generator
Frame-leakage current
transformer
Switchgear frame
Switchgear frame
bonding bar
Outgoing feeder
System earthing resistor
Earth bar
Earthing electrode
resistance
Frame insulation
resistance to earth
I
1
+ I
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
F
=I
1
+ I
2
Frame leakage Busbar protection
External Fault
I
1
I
1
>10
I
2
<1
I
1
+ I
2
I
F
=I
1
+I
2
I
1
= < 0.1I
F
64
Frame leakage Busbar protection
INTERNAL FAULT
Suitable for phase segregated indoor metalclad
switchgear. Only E/F protection required.
I
1
I
2
Frame
Insulation
>10
I
2
I
1
+ I
2
I
F
=I
1
+I
2
Frame
System
Earthing
Resistance

Substation
Earthing
Electrode
<1
Earth Bar
64
Setting of
Instantaneous E/F
Relay (64)
= < 0.3 IF(Min)
= > 0.1 IF(Max)
Disadvantages:
Insulation of switchgear frame and between sections
Insulation of cable glands to prevent spurious currents
during through faults
Frame leakage scheme
with double insulation barrier
64
Z1
Trip A

B

A

Insulation Barrier

Zone 1

Zone 2

C

Trip B

96
C
Trip C
Zone 3

96
A
96
B1
64
Z2
96
B2
Frame leakage scheme
with single insulation barrier
64
Z1
Trip A
B

A

Insulation Barrier

Zone 1

Zone 2
C

A
Trip B
B1 B2
T
C Trip C
0.2 -1 SEC.

64
Z2
Frame leakage scheme for duplicate Busbars
64
Z1
B

A

Insulation Barrier

Zone 1

Zone 2

c
Zone 3

+
64
Z3
R

M1

a

b

D

d

C

96
A
a

b

96
D1
96
D2
96
B1
96
B2
96
C
c

d

M1

M2

R

M2

-
Frame leakage protection
Check feature
To differentiate between a genuine busbar fault and a fault
in the secondary winding of a c.t.
The check feature provides a second line of defence
The check relays pick up for both internal and external faults
Both check and discriminating relays must operate before
tripping can occur
The various methods of obtaining the check feature are:-
a) Neutral check provided by a relay energised from a single c.t.
in the power system neutral
b) Residual check provided by a relay energised from a residually
connected c.t. on the busbar incomers
c) Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay energised
from a broken delta v.t. supply
Check relays are normally self-reset in order to avoid having
to reset the relay after each external fault
Single Zone Frame Earth Protection
With Neutral Check
64
+

G H
64
CH
Neutral check relay
Trip all circuit
breakers
Frame-earth
fault relay
J K
Switchgear frame
Typical Trip And Alarm Circuits For Frame Leakage
With Double Insulation Barrier And Check Feature
CSS-Z1

+
-
96
A
In

Out

64Z1-1

In

Out

CSS-Z2

64Z2-1

96
B1
96
B2
96
C
Trip Supply
Supervision

64CH-1
Alarm
Relay
74

64CH-2

64Z1-2

64Z2-2

74-1

74-2

Lamp
Lamp
Lamp
Lamp
Buzzer
In Out

In Out

CSS-Z1

CSS-Z2

Alarm
Supply
Supervision

Lamp
Directional Comparison Scheme
R
+

(a)

Trip
R
R
+

(b)

Trip
R
BR
Load
current
Phase to earth external
fault, scheme (a)
Directional Comparison Scheme
R
+

(a)
Trip
R
R
+

(b)

Trip
R
BR
Load
current
Phase to earth external
fault, scheme (b)
Phase Comparison Scheme - External Fault
Positive Half Cycle Negative Half Cycle
A
B
A
B
B A B
Feeder X
A B A
Feeder Y
Relay Operation
Current Transformer
Secondary Current
+

Trip
+

Trip
X
Y X Y
Phase Comparison Scheme - Internal Fault
A
+

B
A
B
Trip
Trip
A B A
Feeder X
A B A
Feeder Y
Relay Operation
Current Transformer
Secondary Current
X Y
X
Y
Positive Half Cycle Negative Half Cycle
+

Basic Circulating Current Scheme
External Fault
R
R
Internal Fault
Differential Protection
Uses Merz-Price circulating current principle. All currents
entering and leaving Busbar are compared
One set of CTs for each circuit associated with a particular
zone are all connected to a relay
A single element relay gives earth fault protection only
A three element relay gives phase and earth fault protection
Basic Circulting Current Scheme
Earth Fault Protection Only
G

H

J

K

87

Differential
relay

Phase And Earth Fault Circulating Current
Scheme Using Three-Element Relay
G

H

A

B

C

N

Differential
relay

87A

87B

87C

High Impedance Protection
This is a versatile and reliable protection system applied to
many different Busbar configurations
If CT requirements are met, scheme performance may be
predicted by calculation without heavy current conjunctive
tests
High Impedance Busbar Protection
Simple system to apply and extend
High Sensitivity for phase and earth faults
Extremely stable for external faults
High Impedance Busbar Protection
R
ST
87

Metrosil

CT Requirements: Equal ratios
Class X
May require stabilising resistors, R
ST
May require non-linear resistors (Metrosils)

High Impedance Differential Protection
Uses equal ratio CTs
Scheme assumes that with heaviest through fault, one CT
saturates, the other not
To ensure stability, voltage setting of relay circuit made
higher than voltage developed across relay circuit. To
achieve this an extra relay circuit resistance is required.
This is known as the stabilising resistance

Equivalent Circuit
Y

Z
M
R
CT
R
LY
R
LX
R
CT
R
ST
R
R
R

Z
M
X

High Impedance Theory
R
S
I
F
R
CT
Assume one CT saturates
Assume relay resistance is high
V = I
F
(2
RL
+ R
CT
)
V
S
> V
R
L
I
F
R
L
R
CT
R
L
R
L
V

High Impedance Theory
Choose I
S
from min fault current ( 30%)
V
S
= I
S
R
S
+ I
S
R
R

I
S
R
S
= V
S
I
S
R
R

R
S
= - R
R

R
S
=
I
S
R
S
R
R
V
S
S
S
I
V
2
S S
S
I
VA
-
I
V
Thus we can choose a value of R
S
:-
Knowing 1) Max. & Min Fault Levels,
2) C.T. Circuit Impedances,
3) Relay Information,
4) C.T. Ratio,

Primary Operating Current (P.O.C.)
The value of primary operating current should be around
30% of minimum fault current available. This ensures
sufficient relay current during internal fault conditions for
high speed operation

Differential Relays
Relays used for high impedance protection are high
stability, unbiased and tuned to nominal frequency.
Two modular types are available:-
MCAG14/34
Current calibrated with external stabilising resistor
MFAC14/34
Voltage calibrated with internal high impedance

Knee-Point Voltage Definition
For High Impedance Protection Choose V
K
such that:
V
K
> 2V
S
This ensures fast operation for all faults greater than the setting
current.
V
K
is thus dependent on setting voltage and hence on maximum
through fault current.
I
CK
E
x
c
i
t
i
n
g

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
S
)

V
K
Exciting Current (I
e
)
+10% V
K
+50% I
eK
Internal fault on high impedance scheme
Z
m
R
ST
V
F
= I
F
.R
= I
F
.

Effective setting

I
S
= I
R
+ 2I
e
with 2 circuits
= I
R
+ nI
e
with n circuits

Primary effective setting

I
P
= T.(I
R
+nI
e
)
Or I
P
= T.(I
R
+ nI
e
+I
M
+I
SR
+I
V
)
R
CT
V
F
R
LY
R
LX
R
CT
R

Z
m
X

I
F
) R + (R
I
I
LX CT
R
Y
F

Y

Use of fault setting resistor
I
0P
= I
R
+ I
SR
I
0P
I
SR
R
SR
I
R
R
ST
R
R
Metrosil limitation of relay voltage
I
R
R
R
For heavy internal faults large voltages may develop across relay +
Stab. Resistor.

>3kV Voltages must use Metrosil

V
P
=
V
K
= Knee point voltage
V
F
= Max. RMS voltage if C.T. didnt saturate
= I
F
(R
CT
+ 2R
L
+ R
ST
+ R
R
)

For Metrosil:
V = CI
(D.C.)
= C (A.C.)
V
S
R
ST
I
m
V

I
OP
) V - (V 2V 2
K F K
|
(
52 . 0
I
RMS
V
M
S
V 2
Use of Non Linear Resistors
Under in zone fault conditions it is possible for voltages above the
relay withstand of 3kV peak to be produced. Metrosil non linear
resistors may be necessary to limit the peak voltage below this
level
Approx peak volts =
Metrosil characteristic:- V = CI

where:- V and I are peak values
C = constant depending on metrosil
construction
= constant in range of 0.2 to 0.25

The values of C and are chosen to limit metrosil voltage to less
than 3kV peak at maximum fault current

) V - (V 2V 2
K F K
Metrosil Limitation Of Relay Voltage
I
R
R
R
To ensure primary operating current not adversely affected,
metrosil constant C must be sufficiently high to restrict metrosil
current at relay setting voltage VS.

Typical currents:-
30mA for use with 1 amp CTs
100mA for use with 5 amp CTs
V
S
R
ST
I
NLR
I
OP
V
MLR
R

CT Wiring Supervision
Open circuit connections between CTs and relay circuit result in
unbalance currents which may operate the protection.
Supervision is applied by a voltage relay across differential relay
circuit
Supervision relay is time delayed, gives alarm and also shorts out
bus wires to protect differential relay circuit
Typical effective setting is 25 primary amps or 10% of lowest
circuit rating, which ever is greater.

Healthy Condition
Z
M4
CT
4
I
4
Z
M3
CT
3
Z
M2
CT
2
I
2
I
3
Super
Vision
Relay

R
R
R
ST
Z
M1
CT
1
I
1
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
+ I
4
Supervision Against Open Circuit C.T.s
I
4
Z
M2
I
1
Super
Vision
Relay

R
R
R
ST
CT1 open circuit, I1 flows through magnetising impedance and relay circuit
in parallel

Voltage measured by supervision relay
V = I1 (RZ
M2
Z
M3
Z
M4
)
If Supervision relay setting = V
SP
Out-of-balance current to operate the supervision relay

V

R

Z
M4
Z
M3
I
1
I
3
I
2
M4
SP
M3
SP
M2
SP SP
Z
V
+
Z
V
+
Z
V
+
R
V
= I
Differential Relay Circuit
A

Metrosil
resistors

B

C

N

87

V

87

V

87

V

95X

95X

95X

Stabilising
resistors

95

Supervision
relay

Bus wire shorting contacts

Zone bus
wires

Current Transformers
Current transformers must be of low reactance type (classx) and
have identical turns ratio (1 in 100)
They should be of similar design, or if not, of reasonably matched
magnetic characteristics
It is common practice to use CTs having 1 amp secondaries

Current Transformer Wiring
Lead burdens between various sets of CTs must be kept low.
Usually buswires are run in closed ring between breaker control
panels.
Typical route:-
CTs to marshalling kiosk
Marshalling kiosk to isolator auxiliaries
Loop between marshalling kiosks
Conductor size:-
Normally 2.5mm
2

Effect of C.T. Location
on Busbar Protection Performance
(a)Overlapping C.T.s

Circuit
Protection

F
1
Busbar
Protection

F
3
F
4
F
2
(b)All C.T.s on line side of
circuit breaker
F
1
Circuit
Protection

F
3
F
2
Busbar
Protection

Interlocked
Overcurrent
Relay

(c)All C.T.s on Busbar side of
circuit breaker
F
1
Interlocked
Overcurrent
Relay

F
3
F
2
Circuit
Protection

Busbar
Protection

Zones of Protection for Double Bus Station
BC

Zone G

Typical feeder circuits

Zone H

BS

Zone J

BC

Check Feature
Zone B

Usually provided by duplication of primary protection using second set of CTs on
all circuits other than bus section and coupler units. Check system forms one
zone only, covering whole of busbar systems and not discriminating between
faults on various sections.

87B

87
CK

Check Zone

87A

Zone A

Isolator Auxiliary Switches
R

Auxiliary Switches Should:
1) Close before the isolator closes
2) Open after the isolator opens
in order to maintain stability on switching
A

Buswires

M

B

C

D

m

r

a
b

c
d

Busbar Auxiliary Switches Requirements
Reserve Bar

Normal Operating Condition
R

R

Main Bar

Busbar Auxiliary Switches Requirements
On-Load Transfer
R

R

Main & reserve zones
Ultimately paralleled by
reserve busbar selector
auxiliary switches

Circuit Breaker Bypass
M

R

A.C.
Buswires

M

c1

b1

a1

c2

b2
a2

a
1

b
1

c
1

R

N

CH

N

a
2

b
2

c
2

a
1

b
1

Circuit Breaker and CT Bypass
M

R

M

b1

a1

R

N

CH

N

Check
Zone
CTs
Normally
Shorted

AC
Buswires

a
1

b
1

Tripping Circuits
One tripping relay (device 96) is required for each feeder
breaker and 2 for each bus section or bus coupler breakers
Both main and check relays must be energised before
tripping relays trip all breakers associated with zone

Typical Trip Relay Arrangement
Double Busbar System
-

+

CSS M1

CSS M2

CSS - R

In

Out

87M1 - 1

87M2 - 1

87R - 1

96
D1

M1M2R

a1

c1

96
D2

96E

96
F1

96
F2

96G

b1

c2

96
H1

96
H2

87CH - 1

80T

D.C. Buswires

Through Fault Stability
Busbar protection stability is based on maximum through fault
current
Generally this value is derived from the rating of the associated
switchgear irrespective of existing fault level, since it can be
expected that system will develop up to limit of rating

Earth-fault protection for busbars and other primary plant
connections (one relay per zone)
T

A

A

A

D

G

H

K

Relay
Circuit

G

K

H

E
F

B

B

B

T

T

C

C

C

V
s
Rated stability limit phase
to earth external fault
V
s
> TxI
F
x(2H+2K+F+C)

OR: -
I
F
T

A

A

A

D

G

H

K

Relay
Circuit

G

K

H

E
F

B

B

B

T

T

C

C

C

V
s
V
s
> TxI
F
x(A+D+2G)

OR: -
I
F
T

A

A

A

D

G

H

K

Relay
Circuit

G

K

H

E
F

B

B

B

T

T

C

C

C

V
s
V
s
> TxI
F
x(B+E+2H)

whichever is the
greatest.
I
F
Phase and earth-fault protection for busbars and other
primary plant connections (one relay per zone)
G

H

Relay
Circuit

G

H

E

F

T

T

A

A

A

D

K

K

B

B

B

T

C

C

C

K

K

G

G

H

H

Relay
Circuit
Relay
Circuit
I
F
to phase external fault
V
s
V
s
V
s
> TxI
F
x(H+K+C)

OR: -
G

H

Relay
Circuit

G

H

E

F

T

T

A

A

A

D

K

K

B

B

B

T

C

C

C

K

K

G

G

H

H

Relay
Circuit
Relay
Circuit
I
F
V
s
> TxI
F
x(A+G)

OR: -
V
s
V
s
G

H

Relay
Circuit

G

H

E

F

T

T

A

A

A

D

K

K

B

B

B

T

C

C

C

K

K

G

G

H

H

Relay
Circuit
Relay
Circuit
V
s
> TxI
F
x(B+H)

whichever is the
greatest
I
F
V
s
V
s
Busbar Protection With Separate Relays Per Circuit
Breaker Basic Scheme
1

2

TR

+

+

1

+

+

2

+

2

D

CH

2

1

D

CH

TR

+
1

Breaker Basic Scheme With Additional Tripping Route
1

2

TR

+

+

2

+

+

1

+

2

D

CH

2

1

D

CH

TR

+

1

+

+

2

1

TR

+

+

TR

1

2

STN

+

Breaker Basic Scheme With Additional Relays Per Zone
And Back Tripping Facilities
1

2

TR

+

+

2

+

+

1

+

2

D

CH

2

1

D

CH

TR

+

1

STN

2

+

CH

BT

BT

+

1

D

+

Breaker Basic Scheme With Additional Relays Per Zone
And Back Tripping Facilities With Separate Trip Relays
1

2

TR

+

+

2

+

+

1

+

2

D

CH

D

CH

TR

+

1

+

STN

2

CH

BT

BT

D

+

+

2

1

+

+

1

2

TR

TR

+

1

Double Busbar With Transfer Facilities
Main

By-Pass
Isolator
Reserve/ Transfer

By-Pass
Isolator
Triple Busbar
Main

Transfer
CB.
Reserve

Transfer
Transfer
CB.
1 Breaker Scheme
1 Breaker Bus Protection
87
87
Mesh Busbar
F4
T1
F1
T4
F3
T3
F2
T2
Mesh Busbar Protection
F4
T1
F1
T4
F3
T3
F2
T2
87
R1
87
R3
87
R4
87
R2
Busbar Protection and Breaker Fail
Where breaker fail protection is applied to a system, back
tripping of associated breakers is required in the event of a
breaker failure
Often, breaker fail protection is arranged in conjunction with
busbar protection tripping circuits to initiate tripping of
breakers on a busbar zone associated with the failed
breaker

Midos Relays for High Impedance Protection
Differential Relay MCAG34 or MFAC34
Supervision Relay MVTP31
Tripping Relay (Hand Reset) MVAJ13
No Volt Relay MVAX12
Zone Indication Relay MVAA13

Modern Low Impedance Busbar Protection
Fast
Modular scheme design allows relays to relate to each circuit and
function of the protection. This enables the user to easily
understand the principles of application
High sensitivity for phase and earth faults. Protection for each
phase can be relatively independent
Earlier schemes were less stable than high impedance schemes.
Modern schemes incorporate saturation detectors and are
extremely stable
Duplicate measuring circuits are included
Current transformers can be:
Of different ratio
Of relatively small output
Shared with other protections
Current transformer secondary circuits are not switched
Continuous supervision of CT circuits and constant monitoring of
vital circuits are included
MBCZ 10 Single Bus Protection
F1
FM1
Z1
Z1
ZCK
Z1
FM2 BSM
BS
FM3
Z2
FM4
Z2
ZCK
Z2
F2 F3 F4
ZCK
MBCZ 10 Double Bus Protection
Z1
Z1
FM1 BSM
BS
Z1
ZCK
Z3
ZCK
BC1
BCM
1
Z3
Z3
FM2
Z2
F2
F1
Z4
F3
FM3
Z2
Z4
FM4
F4
BC2
BCM
2
Z2
Z4
ZCK

2 Busbar Protection

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