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Cases:
Case 1. Law of Sines. Given two angles and one side. Obtain the third angle, and then use the sine law. Case 2. Ambiguous Case. Given two sides and the angle opposite one of them. Use the sine law. Examine the possibility of no solution, one or two solutions. Case 3. Given two sides and the included angle. Use the cosine law for the third side and the sine law for the angles. Find the smaller angle first to avoid the possibility of an obtuse angle. Case 4. Given three sides, Use the cosine law for each angle in turn.
Oblique Triangles
1. C b
0
a
0
30 c = 20
65
2.
C
b = 24
a = 24
C = 18
Oblique Triangles
An oblique triangle is a triangle which does not contain a right angle of 900. It contains either three acute angles, or two acute angles and one obtuse angle.
A triangle is uniquely determined when three parts, not angles are known. Thus any triangle problem may fall under any one of the following cases:
Cases
Case I. Given one side and two
angles
Case II. Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them Case III. Given two sides and the
Law of Sines
In any triangle, the sides are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles, that is,
a sin
b sin
c sin
Note:
We say,
sin a ------ =----; sin b sin b sin c -------- =----; ------- =---sin c sin a
Proof
Let ABC be any oblique triangle, In the figure angles and are acute. Let CD AB and denote h = CD.
C b h
A D
A B
h D
Thus,
h b sin
sin
---------sin =
= h = a sin
a
---------b
Similarly,
we obtain
a c b c ------- = -------- or --------- = --------
sin
sin
sin
sin
Therefore,
a
sin
b
sin
c
------------sin
---------- = ----------- =
Cont.
Case I
Given one side and two angles Let a, , be given.
sin
To find b, use
c
b
or
a sin
b = --------
------- = -------
sin sin
To find c, use
a c a
sin
a sin
c = -------
sin
Example 1
Solve ABC, given c = 20, = 300, = 650
850
300
sin
20 sin 300 = ---------------sin 850 = 10.4 =
sin
20 sin 650 = ------------
c = 20
650 B
sin 850
18.20
Example 2
A and B are two points on opposite bank of a river. From A a line AC = 270 ft. is laid off and the angles CAB = 1200 and ACB = 450 are measured. Find the length of AB.
B 450 C
c=?
1200 A
b = 270 ft.
Solution
= 1800 ( 1200 + 450 ) = 150
b sin c = -----------sin
Case II
Given two sides and the angle opposite one of them. Let b, c and are given.
sin c
c sin
b
From
sin = ----------
If sin > 1 no angle is determined If sin = 1, = 900, a right triangle is determined If sin < 1, two angles are determined: a.) an acute angle and b.) an obtuse angle = 1800 -
Geometrically,
Let us discuss several special cases of Case II, given two sides
c
B
b
D E
c>h
c>b c>b>h
b
C
h
D
b>h
c=b h b
B D
C E
c
C B
b
a C E
The arc intersects BE in two points but there is only one which determines a triangles containing .
Example 3
a.) When b = 20, c = 10, = 300
c = 10 b = 20
300
Answer:
1300
Answer:
there is no solution
80 sin 620
Example 4 (solution)
For :
1800 ( +
84030
b sin
80 sin 84030
For a:
Example 5
Solve ABC, given a = 425, c = 310, = 120050
B c = 310 a = 425
120050
Example 5 (solution)
c sin
a For : =
1800 ( + ) = a sin
For b:
sin
sin 120050
Law of Cosines
In any ABC, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides minus twice the product of the sides and the cosine of their included angle, that is,
a2 = b2 +c2 2bc cos , b2 = a2 +c2 2ac cos c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos .
Proof1:
b
A
h D c
a cos
So,
b2 = a2 sin2 + ( c a cos )2 b2 = a2 sin 2 + c2 2 ac cos + a2 cos2 b2 = a2 sin 2 + a2 cos 2 + c2 2 ac cos b2 = a2 (sin 2 + cos 2 ) + c2 2 ac cos Therefore,
b2 = a2 + c2 2 ac cos .
Proof2:
b2 = h2
A c B
h D
AD2
h = a sin BD = a cos <CBD, = a sin (1800-) = a cos (1800 ) = a sin = - a cos . Thus, AD = AB + BD = c - a cos
Therefore:
A
b
B
h D
b2 = h2 + AD2 = a2 sin2 + (c a cos )2 = a2 sin2 + c2 2ac cos +a2 cos2 = a2 (sin2 + cos2)+ c2 2ac cos
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos
Note: The other formulas are obtained by cyclic changes of the letters.
CASE III
Given two sides and the included angle Let a, b, and are given.
To find c: use To find : use c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos .
Example 6.
a = 150
32020
b = 230
Example 7
Two forces 20.5 kgs and 25.5 kgs act on a body. If their directions make an angle of 60020 with each other, find the magnitude of their resultant and the angle which it makes with the larger force.
D
25.5
20.5
60020
A
20.5 25.5
B
25.5
a
Solution:
20.5 60020
A
20.5
25.5
In ABC, b2 = a2 + c2 2 a c cos b2 = 20.52 + 25.52 2(20.5)(25.5) cos 119040 b = 39.85 kgs. (magnitude) a sin 20.5 sin 119040 sin = ------------- = ----------------------, = 26033 b 39.85
Let a, b and c be given. Apply the law of cosines for each of the angles. To find the angles
Example 8.
b = 34.5 c = 52.8
a=26.4
Solution:
b2 + c2 - a2 For : cos =
b = 34.5 c = 52.8
34.52 + 52.82 26.42 ----------------- = ------------------------- ; 2bc 2(34.5)(52.8)
a=26.4
= 25045 = 34036
a2 + c2 b2
For : cos =
a2 + b2 c2 For : cos =
= 119038
Check: + + = 1800
Example 9.
An isosceles triangle has sides that measure 24 cm., 24 cm and 18 cm. Find the measure of each angle.
b = 24
a = 24
c = 18
Solution:
cos 0 67 58 = 242 + 182 242 --------------------------- ,
2(24)(18)
182 + 242 242 -------------------------, 2 (18)(24) 242 + 242 - 182 -------------------------, 2 (24)(24)
cos
67058 = 44003
b=24
a=24
cos =
c = 18
Check:
+ + = 1800
Thank You
and Mabuhay!