Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education King Faisal University

What is Bandwidth and How it is Used

By: Id No.: Guided By:

Bandwidth

In previous lectures, we briefly mentioned the concept of bandwidth. In this lecture, we will discuss more deeply what signal bandwidth is, what the meaning of channel bandwidth to a communications engineer is, and what the limitations on information rate are.
Signal bandwidth: We can divide signals into two categories: The pure tone signal (the
sinusoidal wave, consisting of one frequency component), and complex signals that are composed of several components, or sinusoids of various frequencies.

T=1x10-3 s t (ms)

f=1/1x10-3 =1000Hz=1 kHz

Pure signal
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The bandwidth of a signal composed of components of various frequencies (complex signal) is the difference between its highest and lowest frequency components, and is expressed in Hertz (Hz) - the same as frequency. For example, a square wave may be constructed by adding sine waves of various frequencies:
Pure tone

150 Hz sine wave

Pure tone

450 Hz sine wave

Approaching a 150 Hz square wave (ms)

The resulting wave resembles a square wave. If more sine waves of other frequencies were added, the resulting waveform would more closely resemble a square wave Since the resulting wave contains 2 frequency components, its bandwidth is around 450-150=300 Hz. 3

channel bandwidth:

The bandwidth of a channel (medium) is defined to be the range of frequencies that the medium can support. Bandwidth is measured in Hz With each transmission medium, there is a frequency range of electromagnetic waves that can be transmitted:

Increasing bandwidth

Twisted pair cable: 0 to 109 Hz (Bandwidth : 109 Hz) Coax cable: 0 to 1010 Hz (Bandwidth : 1010 Hz) Optical fiber: 1014 to 1016 Hz (Bandwidth : 1016 -1014 = 9.9x1015 Hz)

Optical fibers have the highest bandwidth (they can support electromagnetic waves with very high frequencies, such as light waves) The bandwidth of the channel dictates the information carrying capacity of the channel This is calculated using Shannons channel capacity formula
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Communication systems

Digital

Analog

The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all communication systems

Analog Modulation

The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals (baseband signals) through a communication channel The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal, and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz The hello wave is a baseband signal:

Basic analog communications system

Baseband signal (electrical signal)

Transmitter Modulator

EM waves (modulated signal)

Input transducer

Transmission Channel
EM waves (modulated signal)

Carrier
Baseband signal (electrical signal)

Receiver Demodulator

Output transducer

Frequency Modulation
Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Small amplitude: low frequency

Large amplitude: high frequency

Modulated wave
Frequency varyingamplitude constant 8

Digital Modulation

The previous section presented analog communication systems that transmit information in analog form using Amplitude or Frequency modulation Digital communication systems also employ modulation techniques, some of which include:

Amplitude Shift Keying Frequency Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying

Basic digital communications system Transmitter

Analog signal Digital signal

EM waves (modulated signal)

Input transducer

Modulator

Transmission Channel

Carrier

Receiver
analog signal digital signal

EM waves (modulated signal)

Output transducer

Demodulator

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Some Types of Digital Modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal. One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the other binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier. Frequency remains fixed Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal. Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Another form of digital modulation technique which we will not discuss

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Amplitude Shift Keying

Digital information Carrier wave ASK modulated signal

Carrier present

Carrier absent

Amplitude varyingfrequency constant

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Frequency Shift Keying

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Digital information Carrier 1 (frequency #1) Carrier 2 (frequency #2) FSK modulated signal
Frequency varyingamplitude constant

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