Enzymes

Cells & Enzymes

Converts substrates into products

Made of protein

Present in all living cells Enzymes

Biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions Remain unchanged by chemical reaction

METABOLISM
This term really means two things:

ANABOLISM and CATABOLISM

ANABOLISM
Refers to the biosynthetic processes that use energy for the synthesis of protoplasmic materials needed for growth
TO BUILD molecules as in the biosynthesis of polymers.. We ingest food digest to monomers and THEN via ANABOLISM we make larger molecules

Catabolism then is to..

TO BREAK APART
Example: Glycogen, (starch) stored in the liver when needed for energy, is converted to glucose ( monomers). So during catabolism large molecules are broken into smaller molecules.

Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction takes place when one or substances is chemically changed into one or more different substances. Chemical reactions take place in cells all the time.
Catalyst Substrate Enzyme Manganese dioxide Water + oxygen Catalase Product

Hydrogen peroxide

Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Enzymes can speed reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction

Catalysts A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction, without itself being changed by the reaction.

1. When a catalyst is present, less energy is needed to get the chemical reaction started. 2. When a catalyst is present, the speed of the chemical reaction is faster.
3. Although a catalyst helps a chemical reaction to happen, it is unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Biological Catalysts

The biological catalyst present in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is called CATALASE.

Hydrogen peroxide
REACTANTS

catalase
enzyme

Oxygen + water
PRODUCTS

2.2 Nature of Enzymes The biological catalyst present in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is called CATALASE.
Hydrogen peroxide Catalase Water + oxygen

Catalase cannot speed up any other reaction. It is SPECIFIC to this reaction.

One Enzyme One Reaction

There are thousands of different enzymes in your body.

Why are there so many different enzymes?

Each enzyme has its own unique protein structure and shape, which is designed to match or COMPLEMENT its substrate.

Lock & Key Hypothesis

An enzyme only acts on one type of substance, or substrate. Therefore, the enzyme is said to be SPECIFIC to its one substrate. The shape of the active site (binding site) of the enzyme, matches the shape of the substrate. Allowing the two molecules to bind during the chemical reaction. This theory of enzyme action is called the lock-and-key hypothesis.

MOVIE

Different enzymes for different jobs

Enzymes involved in breakdown reactions Enzyme and substrate separate Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme and products separate Enzymes involved in synthesis reactions Enzyme and substrates separate Enzyme-substrates complex Enzyme and product separate

Enzymes involved in breakdown reactions

Hydrogen peroxide
Starch Fat Catalase Amylase Lipase

Water + Oxygen
Maltose Fatty acids + Glycerol

Protein

Pepsin

Amino acids

2.5 Effect of High Temperature

Optimum conditions are the conditions at which an enzymes works best Rate of reactions may be affected by temperature and pH

Notes on Denaturation

Notes on Optimum temp

2.5 Effect of High Temperature What happens to the activity of an enzyme at high temperatures?

Notes on Denaturation

Notes on Optimum temp

Effect of pH on enzymes

When the pH changes outwith optimal conditions, the shape of the active site of the enzyme alters and the enzyme is Movie denatured.

Effect of pH on enzyme activity

Most enzymes work best at a pH close to neutral (pH7), but there are some exceptions. Pepsin, an enzyme found in the stomach, has an optimum pH of 2.

Inhibition

 Competitive inhibitors bind reversibly to the enzyme, preventing the binding of substrate. On the other hand, binding of substrate prevents binding of the inhibitor. Substrate and inhibitor compete for the enzyme.

Enzyme inhibitor
Competitive inhibition In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor and substrate compete for the enzyme . Often competitive inhibitors strongly resemble the real substrate of the enzyme.

 Non-competitive inhibitors
can bind to the enzyme at the binding site at the same time as the substrate , but not to the active site.

Enzyme Summary Enzyme

Amylase

Substrate Product(s) Degradation or synthesis?

Starch Maltose

Catalase
Pepsin Phosphorylase

Hydrogen peroxide Protein

Glucose-1phosphate

Oxygen and water Amino acids

Starch s

Lipase

Fat

Fatty acids