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Density, Hookes Law & Scaling

Chapter 18 Sections 2, 3, 4, & 5

Density

Densitya measure of how much matter is squeezed into a given space


The amount of mass per unit volume

mass volume

Density is NOT the same as mass


Two objects can have the same mass, but not the same density
1 kg of iron and 1 kg of feathers have the same mass, but very different densities

Two objects can have the same density, but not the same mass
A cup of water and a gallon of water have the same density, but the gallon of water has more mass than the cup

Density

Density depends on
Atom mass Spacing between atoms

Osmium is the densest substance on Earth (22.6 g/cm3) Density varies with temperature and pressure (table on p 261 densities are given at 0C and atmospheric pressure)

Water is the densest at 4 C

Density
1.

The planet Saturn has a mass of 5.69 x 1026 kg and a volume of 8.01 x 1023 m3. What is the density of Saturn? Would Saturn sink or float if you could place it in a gigantic bathtub filled with water (water has a density of 1000. kg/m3)? Diamond has a density of 3520 kg/m3. During a physics lab a diamond drops out of Virginias necklace and falls into her graduated cylinder filled with 5.00 x 10-5 m3 of water. This causes the water level to rise to the 5.05 x 10-5 m3 mark. What is the mass of Virginias diamond?

2.

Density

Weight densitythe amount of weight a body has per unit volume


Weight density is used in liquid pressure

Specific gravity is a standard measure of density


the ratio of the mass (or weight) of a substance to the mass (or weight) of an equal volume of water the ratio of the density of the material to the density of water
Has no units

If a substances weighs 3 times as much as an equal volume of water, its specific gravity is 3

Density
1.

What happens to the density of each piece of an object when it is cut into pieces?
Each piece has the same density as the original object had

2.

Which has a greater density, a kilogram of lead or a kilogram of feathers?


Any amount of lead is more dense than any amount of feathers.

Elasticity & Hookes Law

Elasticitythe property of a body by which it experiences a change in shape when a deforming force acts on it, and by which it returns to its original shape when the deforming force is removed

Hanging a weight on a spring causes it to stretch

Materials that do not return to their original shape are call inelastic Elastic limitthe distance at which permanent distortion occurs in an elastic material

The amount the spring stretches is dependent upon the amount of mass on the spring

Hookes Law
Hookes Law: the amount of stretch/compression of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force Felastic = kx k = spring constant (units N/m) x = displacement (units m) Hookes law holds as long as the spring is not compressed beyond its elastic limit

Hookes Law
1.

A 76 N crate is hung from a spring (k = 450 N/m). How much displacement is caused by the weight of this crate?

2.

A spring of k = 1962 N/m loses its elasticity if stretched more than 50.0 cm. What is the mass of the heaviest object that the spring can support without being damaged?

Scaling

True or False: When a structure is scaled up or down in size, its properties go up or down in direct proportion.
Falsesome properties such as weight, strength, surface area, and volume do not increase in direct proportion to an increase in linear dimensions.

Scalingthe study of how size affects the relationship between weight strength, and surface area
As the size of something increases it grows heavier much faster than it grows stronger

Scaling

Weight depends on volume Strength depends on cross sectional area Volume and weight increases much faster than corresponding increase in cross sectional area

Compareelephant and a deer, tarantula and daddy long legs Smaller objects also have more surface area per kilogram
Greater surface areagreater cooling ability Crushed ice cools a drink faster than a cube of ice An elephant has large ears to cool itself

Volume (and weight) grows as the cube of linear enlargement Surface area grows as the square of linear enlargement

These larger animals have disproportionately thick legs compared to their smaller counterparts as a result of scaling

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