ANALOG ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

PREPARED BY PUNEET GOYAL

Definition
An electronic amplifier, amplifier, or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude.

ON THE BASIS OF OUTPUT

A VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER is an amplifier in which the output signal voltage is larger than the input signal voltage. In other words, a voltage amplifier amplifies the voltage of the input signal. A POWER AMPLIFIERs an amplifier in which the output signal power is greater than the input signal power. In other words, a power amplifier amplifies the power of the input signal. Most power amplifiers are used as the final amplifier (stage of amplification) and control (or drive) the output device. The output device could be a speaker, an indicating device, an antenna, or the heads on a tape recorder. Whatever the device, the power to make it work (or drive it) comes from the final stage of amplification which is a power amplifier.

DIAGRAM

ON THE BASIS OF FREQUENCY RANGE

The three broad categories of Frequency response for amplifiers are AUDIO AMPLIFIER, RF AMPLIFIER, and VIDEO AMPLIFIER. An audio amplifier is designed to amplify frequencies between 15 Hz and 20 kHz. In the term rf amplifier, the "rf" stands for radio frequency. These amplifiers are designed to amplify frequencies between 10 kHz and 100,000 MHz A video amplifier is an amplifier designed to amplify a band of frequencies from 10 Hz to 6 MHz. Because this is such a wide band of frequencies, these amplifiers are sometimes called WIDE-BAND AMPLIFIERS. While a video amplifier will amplify a very wide band of frequencies, it does not have the gain of narrower-band amplifiers.

ON THE BASIS OF INPUT

A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point (bias) and linearizes all the components. Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point (gain, capacitance etc) doesn't change. A large signal model takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point and takes into account that elements are nonlinear and that circuits can be limited by power supply values

On the basis of controlled source

Electronic amplifiers use one variable presented as either a current and voltage. Either current or voltage can be used as input and either as output, leading to four types of amplifiers. In idealized form they are represented by each of the four types of dependent source used in linear analysis, as shown in the figure, namely:

On the basis of modes of operation

Conduction angle classes Class A 100% of the input signal is used (conduction angle = 360). The active element remains conducting[ all of the time. Class B 50% of the input signal is used ( = 180); the active element carries current half of each cycle, and is turned off for the other half. Class AB is intermediate between class A and B, the two active elements conduct more than half of the time Class C Less than 50% of the input signal is used (conduction angle < 180).

Diagram(A,B,C,D)

DISTORTION IN AMPLIFIERS
Amplitude distortion
Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions.

 Harmonic distortion Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are whole number multiples of a sound wave's frequencies.Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics (overtones) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system. Harmonic distortion may be expressed in terms of the relative strength of individual components, in decibels, or the Root Mean Square of all harmonic components: Total harmonic distortion (THD), as a percentage. The level at which harmonic distortion becomes audible is not straightforward. Different types of distortion (like crossover distortion) are more audible than others (like soft clipping) even if the THD measurements are identical. Harmonic distortion in RF applications is rarely expressed as THD.

Frequency response distortion Non-flat frequency response is a form of distortion that occurs when different frequencies are amplified by different amounts, caused by filters. For example, the non-uniform frequency response curve of AC-coupled cascade amplifier is an example of frequency distortion. In the audio case, this is mainly caused by room acoustics, poor loudspeakers and microphones, long loudspeaker cables in combination with frequency dependent loudspeaker impedance, etc. Phase distortion This form of distortion mostly occurs due to the reactive component, such as capacitive reactance or inductive reactance. Here, all the components of the input signal are not amplified with the same phase shift, hence making some parts of the output signal out of phase with the rest of the output.