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Agenda
Introduction to DSP Applications Digital Signals and Processing Block Diagram Advantages Disadvantages DSP Systems Filters Classifications Analog Filters Digital Filters Design of Digital Filters
Introduction to DSP
Modifying signal characteristics Multiplying two signals( Modulation, correlation etc) Filtering Averaging etc..
DSP can extract one signal from another DSP can analyze a signal to extract the
characteristics
Applications of DSP
Space
-- Remote Sensing -- Space photograph enhancement -- Diagnostic Imaging-EEG,ECG, Patient Monitoring
Medicine
Defense
Image Processing
-- Spectrum Analysis Instrumentation / Position and Rate Control -- Noise Reduction, Automotive Control Applications
Consumer Applications
--Digital, Cellular Mobile Phoes, Digital TVs, Digital Cameras, Voice Mail Systems, Active Suspension in the cars
Signals
DSP Systems(LTI)
Signal Transforms
System Transforms
Filter Design
Qunatization
Advanced Topics
Signals
Analog Signal x = f(t)
Continuous function of independent variable Present at each and every instant of time Discrete function of time Present at discrete interval of time ( sampling period)
Converter Sampling
Continuous signal Discrete signal
Sample Signals
Types of Signals
Continuous Signals and Discrete Signals Analog Signals and Digital Signals Periodic Signal and Aperiodic Signals Natural Signals and Synthetic Signals 1-D, 2-D, Multi Dimensional Signals Multi Channel Signals Deterministic and Random Signals Real Valued and Complex Valued Signals Scalar and Vector Signals
Signals
Step Signal
Ramp Signal Exponential Signal
Sinusoidal Signal
ADC
Digital Processing
DAC
Another Example
Subtraction
Delay Multiplication
Y(n)
= k x(k) h(n-k)
Filtering
Filtering
Modulation - DeModulation
Advantages of DSP
High Performance
High Reliability
Flexibility
Software Controlled
Disadvantages of DSP
Speed and Cost
Design Time
Power Dissipation
completed within the sampling duration) Pseudo Real-time Processing Off-Line Processing
T= 1/f
Sampling Duration T
Lossless Process Done at Nyquist Rate Lossy Process More nits improve resolution and reduce quantization noise
Quantization
DSP Systems
A system is defined as a process that produces an output signal in response to an input signal.
x[n] y[n]
SYSTEM
BLACK BOX
Vin
Vout
Types of systems
Systems are basically divided in two categories. . Values defined at all CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS. points DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS.
CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM
X(t)
Y(t)
X(n)
Y(n)
Values defined only at certain points values in between are not defined.
System Characteristics
Linearity
Time Invariance
Causality
Stability
Filters
An electrical device which retains certain
frequency components and rejects certain frequency components It amplifies/attenuates certain frequency components
Magnitude
Frequency
Filter Specifications
Pass Band Frequency Stopband Frequency
Passband Ripple
Stopband Ripple Sampling Frequency
Computation of Order
N= -10 log(delp * dels) -15
+1
In MATLAB: fir2
Fir2 : FIR arbitrary filter design using the
N- Order of the Filter F- Frequency sampling Points A- Amplitude NPT, No of Points for frequency response Window : Type of window
FIR Advantages
Linear Phase
FIR Disadvantages
Recursive FIR may be unstalbe because of
imperfact pole/zero annihilation High Filter length/ order requires high implementation cost
IIR Advantages
Standard Design using analog prototpyes
implementation Multiband design is difficult Feedback can introduce instabilities Difficult to get high Speed, pipelines design
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