ENVE 304 UNIT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Reasons for Treatment

Reasons for Treatment

Protect public health Protect land / water / air quality Meet legal requirements

Wastewater effects on receiving water

Pollution Transport in a River System

Cuyahoga River, Ohio June 22, 1969

Some River! Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling with subsurface gases "Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown, he decays "The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes."

Citarum, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta

A river in Sichuan province, China, polluted by a paper mill

Source of Wastewater

Point and Non-point sources

Point source Pollution

Single identifiable localized source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution.

Domestic Industrial Agricultural Institutional

Non-point source Pollution

Comes from overland flow of water (rainfall runoff, snowmelt, other water) from both Urban and rural areas. Potential Sources include : Roads and highways, Farmfields, Pastures, Construction sites, Logging sites, Illegal dumping, Septic systems, Stream banks, Parking Lots, etc.

Basic Elements of Wastewater Management

Source of WW Source Control Cleaner production/pollution prevention Collection and transmission Pumps and Pumping Stations Treatment

End of pipe treatment

Disposal of WW and sludge

Source Control and Treatment

Constrains Discharge standards Receiving body standards Climate Economy Social aspects Available technology Available land, etc

Laws and Regulations in Trkiye

Environmental Law (1983)

Law No. : 2872 Date of acceptance : 9/8/1983 Official gazette announcement date and number: 11/8/1983 18132 Revised in 2006

This Law aims to protect the environment being the common existence for all living organisms in line with the principles of sustainable environment and sustainable development.

Environmental Law

Scope and definitions General principles as to the protection and improvement of the environment and prevention of pollution. Definition of the Supreme Board of Environment and its duties Preventions and Prohibitions related to Protection of Environment

Environmental impact assessment Hazardous chemicals and wastes; noise, Obligation of obtaining permission, treatment and disposal

Environmental pollution prevention fund Fine provision, administrative fines,..

Environmental Law
Definitions:

Environment: biological, physical, social, economic and cultural environment where the creatures mutually interact and continue their relation in the course of their life span, Environmental Protection: all efforts to prevent the destruction, deterioration and termination of environmental values and ecological balance, remedy current deterioration, improve and develop the environment, and prevent environmental pollution, Environmental pollution: any negative impact that occur in the environment and may deteriorate health of living creatures, environmental values and ecological balance,

Environmental Law
Definitions:

Sustainable environment: the phase of rehabilitating, protecting and improving all environmental values that form the environment to be needed by current and future generations from all aspects (social, economic, physical etc.), without jeopardizing the existence and quality of sources to be needed by future generations, Sustainable development: development and improvement depending on the basis of creating balance between environmental, economic and social targets that insure current and future generations live in a healthy environment, Receiving environment: shall mean air, water, soil and their related ecosystems,

Water Pollution Control Regulation

It was published on the Official Gazette dated 4 September 1988 and was revised in 2004 Explains technical and legal principles required for the determination of Water Pollution Control Principles Point out principles for classifying ground and surface water quality in three and four classes, respectively Provides for water quality planning Aims at both conserving the quality of water resources in ecosystems and protecting and improving water quality to meet national requirements. Describes protection zones and land use strategies in regard to reservoirs and lakes used for drinking water. Defines principles for discharging effluent to ground and surface waters, and for treating waste water

Water Pollution Control Regulation

TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER

SU KALTE SINIFLARI SU KALTE PARAMETRELER A) Fiziksel ve inorganik- kimyasal Parametreler 1) Scaklk (oC) 2) pH 3) znm oksijen (mg O2/L)a 4) Oksijen doygunluu (%)a 5) Klorr iyonu (mg Cl/L) 6) Slfat iyonu (mg SO4=/L) 25 6.5-8.5 8 90 25 200 25 6.5-8.5 6 70 200 200 30 6.0-9.0 3 40 400b 400 > 30 6.0-9.0 dnda <3 < 40 > 400 > 400 I II III IV

7) Amonyum azotu (mg NH4+-N/L)

8) Nitrit azotu (mg NO2-N/L) 9) Nitrat azotu (mg NO3-N/L) 10) Toplam fosfor (mg P/L) 11) Toplam znm madde (mg/L) 12) Renk (Pt-Co birimi) 13) Sodyum (mg Na+/L) B) Organik parametreler 1) Kimyasal oksijen ihtiyac (KO) (mg/L) 2) Biyolojik oksijen ihtiyac (BO) (mg/L) 3) Toplam organik karbon (mg/L)

0.2c
0.002 5 0.02 500 5 125

1c
0.01 10 0.16 1500 50 125

2c
0.05 20 0.65 5000 300 250

>2
> 0.05 > 20 > 0.65 > 5000 > 300 > 250

25 4 5

50 8 8

70 20 12

> 70 > 20 > 12

Water Pollution Control Regulation

TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)

SU KALTE SINIFLARI SU KALTE PARAMETRELER B) Organik parametreler 4) Toplam kjeldahl-azotu (mg/L) 5) Ya ve gres (mg/L) 6) Metilen mavisi ile reaksiyon veren yzey aktif maddeleri (MBAS) (mg/L) 7) Fenolik maddeler (uucu) (mg/L) 8) Mineral yalar ve trevleri (mg/L) 9) Toplam pestisid (mg/L) 0.5 0.02 0.05 0.002 0.02 0.001 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.01 0.1 0.01 5 0.5 1 0.1 0.5 0.1 >5 > 0.5 > 1.5 > 0.1 > 0.5 > 0.1 I II III IV

C) norganik kirlenme parametrelerid

1) Civa (g Hg/L) 2) Kadmiyum (g Cd/L) 3) Kurun (g Pb/L) 4) Arsenik (g As/L) 5) Bakr (g Cu/L) 6) Krom (toplam) (g Cr/L) 7) Krom (g Cr+6/L) 8) Kobalt (g Co/L) 9) Nikel (g Ni/L) 0.1 3 10 20 20 20 llmeyecek kadar az 10 20 0.5 5 20 50 50 50 20 20 50 2 10 50 100 200 200 50 200 200 >2 > 10 > 50 > 100 > 200 > 200 > 50 > 200 200

10) inko (g Zn/L)

200

500

2000

> 2000

Water Pollution Control Regulation

TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)

SU KALTE SINIFLARI SU KALTE PARAMETRELER C) norganik kirlenme parametrelerid 11) Siyanr (toplam) (g CN/L) 12) Florr (g F/L) 13) Serbest klor (g Cl2/L) 14) Slfr (g S=/L) 15) Demir (g Fe/L) 16) Mangan (g Mn/L) 17) Bor (g B/L) 18) Selenyum (g Se/L) 19) Baryum (g Ba/L) 20) Alminyum (mg Al/L) 21) Radyoaktivite (pCi/L) alfa-aktivitesi 1 10 10 > 10 10 1000 10 2 300 100 1000e 10 1000 0.3 50 1500 10 2 1000 500 1000e 10 2000 0.3 100 2000 50 10 5000 3000 1000e 20 2000 1 > 100 > 2000 > 50 > 10 > 5000 > 3000 > 1000 > 20 > 2000 >1 I II III IV

beta-aktivitesi
D) Bakteriyolojik parametreler 1) Fekal koliform(EMS/100 mL) 2) Toplam koliform (EMS/100 mL)

10

100

100

> 100

10 100

200 20000

2000 100000

> 2000 > 100000

(a) Konsantrasyon veya doygunluk yzdesi parametrelerinden sadece birisinin salanmas yeterlidir. (b) Klorre kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda bu konsantrasyon limitini drmek gerekebilir. (c) PH deerine bal olarak serbest amonyak azotu konsantrasyonu 0.02 mg NH3N/L deerini gememelidir. (d) Bu gruptaki kriterler parametreleri oluturan kimyasal trlerin toplam konsantrasyonlarn vermektedir. (e) Bora kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda kriteri 300 g/Lye kadar drmek gerekebilir.

Water Pollution Control Regulation

Water Pollution Control Regulation

TABLO 21: EVSEL NTELKL ATIK SULARIN ALICI ORTAMA DEARJ STANDARTLARI
Tablo 21.1: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular (Snf 1: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 5-60 Kg/Gn Arasnda, Nfus =84-1000) BRM PARAMETRE BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 50 180 70 6-9 45 120 45 6-9 KOMPOZT NUMUNE 2 SAATLK KOMPOZT NUMUNE 24 SAATLK

Tablo 21.3: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular (Snf 3: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 600 -6000 Kg/Gnden Byk, Nfus=10000-100000) BRM PARAMETRE BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 50 140 45 6-9 45 100 30 6-9 KOMPOZT NUMUNE 2 SAATLK KOMPOZT NUMUNE 24 SAATLK

Water Pollution Control Regulation

Discharge standards for industrial sectors, in particular sub-sectors;

Food production sector (milk-processing, olive oil, soap production, meat, slaughterhouses, sugar industry etc.) Mining industry (coal production, cement factories, etc.) Glass industry Coal processing and energy production sectors Textile industry (synthetic textile, wool, cotton wool production, etc.) Oil production industry (petroleum refineries etc.) Leader production industry Cellulose, paper, cardboard production industry Chemical sector (detergent, fertilizer production, petrochemicals, etc.)

Water Pollution Control Regulation

Tablo 5.3: Sektr: Gda Sanayii (St ve St rnleri)

PARAMETRE KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) YA VE GRES pH BRM (mg/L) (mg/L) KOMPOZT NUMUNE 2 SAATLK 170 60 6-9 KOMPOZT NUMUNE 24 SAATLK 160 30 6-9

Tablo 5.15 : Gda Sanayi ( Bykba, Kkba Hayvan Besicilii ve Tavukhaneler)

PARAMETRE KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) AMONYUM AZOTU (NH4-N) FOSFAT FOSFORU (PO4-P) pH BRM (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) KOMPOZT NUMUNE 2 SAATLK 500 200 20 3 6-9 KOMPOZT NUMUNE 24 SAATLK 400 150 15 2 6-9

Water Pollution Control Regulation

Tablo 7.4: Sektr: Maden Sanayii (Seramik ve Topraktan anak-mlek Yapm ve Benzerleri)
PARAMETRE KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) KURUN (Pb) KADMYUM (Cd) NKO (Zn) pH BRM (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) KOMPOZT NUMUNE 2 SAATLK 80 100 1 0.1 3 6-9 KOMPOZT NUMUNE 24 SAATLK 6-9

EU Directives Sector on environment

Water quality
Waste management Air quality

Noise pollution
Industrial pollution and risk management Chemicals management Protection of nature ..

EU Directives

Some examples

Air Quality Frame Directive

Environmental Impact Assessment Directive

IPPC Directive Birds and Habitat Directives Water Framework Directive Drinking Water Directive Urban Wastewater Treatment Sewage Sludge Directive

Bathing Water Directive

Waste Framework Directive Landfill Directive Package Waste Directive

Hazardous Wastes Directive

Water Framework Directive - 2000/60/EC

to prepare a framework for the protection of all waters (surface, coastal, ground)

Drinking Water Directive - 98/83/EC

to protect human health from the adverse effects of any contamination of water intended for human consumption by ensuring that it is wholesome and clean

Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC (amended 98/15/EEC)

protect the environment from the adverse effects of the wastewater discharges of urban wastewater and wastewater from certain industries

Turkish Legislation

Published on 8 January 2006 dated, 26047 no: Official Gazette

Regulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment

UWWT Regulation accepts limit values in 98/15/EEC Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive; for other articles it refers to Water Pollution Control Regulation

APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Name of The EU Legislation Condition of Legislative Harmonization and Application Area
By-law on Urban waste water treatment (08.01.2006) Directive is applied to all received areas where population is more than 2000

Investment Oriented Activities (Precautions)

Sewage systems and treatment plants will be constructed and the existing ones will be rehabilitated. A main plan for environmental infrastructure will be prepared to determine the needs of infrastructure.

Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment (91/271/EEC)

Directive on the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (91/676/EEC)

By-law on protection of waters against nitrate pollution caused by agricultural sources (18.02.2004) Environmentally sensitive areas defined by By-law. Eutrophic Areas or areas having a tendency to become eutrophic

New fertilizer storage will be constructed. Equipments will be provided for transporting and spreading of fertilizer.

Water Framework Directive (2000/60/ECC)

Studies about Legislation are going on. (demand for extention) Water pipelines will be overhauled to supply sufficient amount of healthy water, if necessary, they will be restored and new drinking water pipelines will be laid. Treatment plants will be constructed for waters supplied from resources which dont comply with drinking water quality criteria
Quality standards will be monitored. Determination of categories and conformity of existing treatment plants. Existing treatment plants will be overhauled and new treatment plants will be constructed.

The Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC), concerns the quality of water intended for human consumption

By-law on the waters intended for human consumption (17.02. 2005)

Directive on the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States 75/440/EEC Directive on the methods of measurement; frequencies of sampling and analysis of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States 79/859/EEC

By-law on the quality of surface water used as drinking water or intended for the abstraction of drinking water (20.11. 2005) All surface waters used or intended for drinking water. By-law on the quality of surface water used as drinking water or intended for the abstraction of drinking water (20.11. 2005) All surface waters used or intended for drinking water.

This directive is unified with the directive on the required quality of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States

APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Name of The EU Legislation
Council Directive of on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community and daughter directives 76/464/EEC

Condition of Legislative Harmonization and Application Area

Investment Oriented Activities (Precautions)

By-law on Control of Pollution by Dangerous Substances in Water and its Environment (26.11.2005)

Institutions which construct advanced treatment systems will be encouraged. Usage of clean product technology. Need for additional treatment plant.

Council Directive concerning the quality of bathing water 76/160 EEC

By-law on Bathing Water Quality (09.01.2006) Waters, which will be used for bathing and recreational purposes

Appropriate treatment plants, wastewater discharge and disinfection systems will be constructed to enable discharges into bathing waters in a manner not to effect these water bodies negatively. The capacity of laboratories will be improved for monitoring and reporting waters used for bathing and recreational purposes

Council Directive on the protection of the environment, and particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture 86/278/EEC

By-law on Soil Pollution Control (31.05.2005)

Quantity of sludge to be applied per unit area will be determined by monitoring the analyses of treatment sludge and the soil which is applied.

Council Directive on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances 80/68/EEC
Council Directive on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life 78/659/EEC Council Directive on the quality required of shellfish waters 79/923/EEC

A draft of By-law on the protection of the groundwaters against pollution caused by dangerous substances is prepared.

Studies about compliance of legislation are being continued by The Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Studies about compliance of legislation are being continued by The Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

EU Urban Wastewater Directive

EU Urban Wastewater Directive

Harmonization with EU Directives

Regulations related to Urban Wastewater discharges

Population Treatment Plant Discharges according to Water Pollution Control Regulation (Year) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Treatment Plant Discharges according to urban Wastewater Directive (Year) 2022 2022 2022 2022 -

>100000 100000-50000 49999-10000 9999-2000 <2000

Components of Wastewater Flows

1)Domestic WW 2) Industrial WW 3) Inflow/Infiltration 4) Stormwater

Definitions

Sewage: Liquid waste conveyed by a sewer and may include domestic and industrial discharges as well as storm water, infiltration and inflow

Domestic (sanitary) Sewage: Originates in the sanitary convenience of dwellings, commercial, institutional and similar facilities.
Industrial wastewater: Liquid wastewater from industry such as pulp and paper mill or petroleum refinery.

Definitions

Storm Sewage: Flow derived from rainfall events, and deliberately introduced into sewers intended for its conveyance
Infiltration: Water which enters the sewer from ground through leaks Inflow: Water which enters the sewer from the surface during rainfall events through flaws in the system or through connections to roof or basement drains.

Wastewater - QUANTITY

Residential: Based on population density, average per capital contribution of wastewater

Dry weather flow ~ 70-100% of water demand Qdry = ww/w*Population*daily water consumption rate per capita

Commercial: Depends on function and activity Institutional: Region, climate and type of the facility Recreational Facilities: Seasonal variations Industrial: Type and size of facility, the degree of water reuse, onsite wastewater treatment plants

SEWAGE - QUANTITY
Infiltration: - A portion of the precipitation in a given area runs quickly into the storms. - Groundwater Rates: Soil type, type of pipes, climate, topography, water table Pipes: 0.01-1 m3/d.mm-km (size-length) 3 0.2-28 m /ha.d (Drainage area)

Fluctuations in Wastewater Flow

Short term variations: within the day (diurnal pattern) Seasonal variations: Resort areas, small communities with collage campuses and communities with seasonal commercial and industrial activities

Wastewater Peaking Factor

Can be developed based on maximum hour, maximum day or other time periods Peaking factor = Ratio of peak flow to average flow = Qp/QA For small residential areas : Peaking Factor is higher (up to 5) For commercial areas: up to 1.5 Industrial area: less than 1.5

Example

A development is connected to an intercepting sewer with a trunk sewer. Land use for the development, average flowrates, the peaking factors and peak infiltration allowance are given in the following table. Assume Peak infiltration/Average Infiltration ratio is 1.4.
Land use Area (ha) Average Flowrate (m3/ha.d) 5 15 25 35 Peaking Factor Peak Infiltration Allowances (m3/ha.d) 3 1.5 2 2.5

School Commercial Industrial Residential

10 15 10 150

3 1.5 2 2.5

Determine the maximum and average flowrate from the development.

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Wastewater Quality Characteristics

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Wastewater Characterization

Need for Characterization:

Determine the most suitable treatment plant units Amount of sludge produced Amount of oxygen needed Effluent concentration

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Physical Characteristics: Turbidity Color: Fresh wastewater (2-6 hrs old) is a light tan. Wastewater over 6 hrs old is usually grey color to dark grey. Blackening is due to the production of various sulfides, in particular ferrous sulfide. Conductivity Temperature: > average monthly temperature in winter < average monthly temperature in summer

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Physical Characteristics: Solids: TSS : Total suspended solids VSS : Volatile suspended solids nbVSS : Nonbiodegradable VSS iTSS : Inert TSS Odor: Fresh municipal wastewater: soapy or oily odor and usually not offensive. Stale municipal wastewater: rotten egg odor because of anaerobic bacterial action

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Biological Characteristics: Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses, algae, rotifers, etc. Bacterial population : 105 to 109 cells/mL

Escherichia coli

Viruses

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:

Summary Tabulation

Wastewater Quality Characterization

Chemical Characteristics: Phosphorus Organic Phosphorus: present in organic compounds such as proteins and degradation products Inorganic phosphorus: present in inorganic compounds such as phosphate (PO4-3). Most of the inorganic phosphorus is from bacterial decomposition of organic phosphorus compounds Chlorine ion (Cl ) -2 Sulfate Ion (SO4 ) Alkalinity pH Grease Heavy metal ions: Mercury (Hg), arsenic (AS), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and silver (Ag) etc.

Example

For the following wastewater samples in the following table, with values for conventional wastewater characterization parameters, determine (a) Inert total suspended solids (b) biodegradable COD (c) slowly biodegradable COD (d) non biodegradable COD (e) Organic Nitrogen.
Parameter TSS VSS COD sCOD BOD rbCOD TKN NH4-N Concentration (mg/L) 220 200 450 130 200 40 40 25

UNIT OPERATIONS & PROCESSES

Unit operations: the methods of treatment where physical forces predominate
-

Unit processes: the methods of treatment where chemical or biological reactions are used.
-

Unit operations and processes are grouped together to achieve various treatment levels as; preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary (advanced) treatment.

Levels of Wastewater Treatment

Preliminary Treatment

Screen Grit chamber

Sedimentation Activated Sludge

(Physical Operation) (Physical Operation)

(Physical Operation) (Biological Process)

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Advanced treatment

Precipitation, chlorination, adsorption, filtration, etc.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

-Basic Operations and Process-

Preliminary WW treatment

Removal of constituents that may cause maintenance or operational problems Screening Grit removal for coarse suspended matter

Primary Wastewater Treatment

Portion of the suspended solids and organic matter is removed Physical operations: Sedimentation, flotation

Conventional Secondary WW Treatment

Removal of biodegradable organics and suspended solids. Activated sludge

(fixed film reactors, lagoon systems etc.)

Conventional Secondary WW Treatment

Nutrient Removal Control

Reasons to remove nutrients: Eutrophication

is the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus,
causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned

Nutrient Removal Control

Reasons to remove nutrients: Eutrophication Nitrification O2 depletion Recharge of groundwater used indirectly for public water supplies Nutrients : Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients can be removed by biological, chemical or combination of processes Nutrient removal is coupled with secondary treatment

Advanced WW treatment

Level of treatment required beyond conventional secondary treatment to remove constituents of concern including nutrients, toxic compounds, and increased amounts of organic materials and suspended solids Nutrient removal, chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation followed by filtration and activated carbon Ion exchange, reverse osmosis