ENVE 304 UNIT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Biological Oxidation

/ Growth Kinetics / Reactor types / Mass Balances

TOPICS
Types and characteristics of wastewaters Physical unit operations Biological oxidation Biological wastewater treatment processes Handling & disposal of
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TOPICS
1.Types and characteristics of wastewaters
Wastewater management, Environmental laws and regulations, Types of wastewaters, Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of WW, Main WWTP units

1. Physical unit operations

Flow measurement, Screening , Coarse solid reduction, Grit removal, Equalization, Sedimentation, Flotation, Oxygen transfer, Aeration

1. Biological Oxidation

Biological Oxidation
Learning Objectives:
Classification of microorganisms Oxidation equations
Aerobic, anaerobic, nitrification, denitrification Required oxygen amounts

Growth kinetics Reaction orders Reactor types (completely-mixed, plug-flow, etc) Main equations and derivations in flow through systems, in systems with recycle, operating parameters, SVI definition
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Bacterial Growth

Biomass produced can be measured: VSS, Particulate COD, Protein content, DNA, ATP, Turbidity measurements, Bacterial cell count
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Bacterial Growth
0.18 0.15 0.12

m Monod

, 1/hr

0.09 m /2 0.06 0.03 0

* Haldane

* K S 0 s 300

600

900

1200

1500

S , mg COD/L o
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Bacterial Growth
Monod equation (substrate-limited growth, no inhibition)

m S =( ) Ks + S
= specific growth rate, mg new cells / mg cells.d (1/T) m = maximum specific growth rate, mg new cells / mg cells.d (1/T) S = concentration of growth-limiting substrate, mg/L Ks = half-velocity constant, substrate concentration at one-half the maximum specific utilization rate, mg/L

Haldane equation (inhibition)

m S =( ) 2 K s + S + S / Ki
Ki = inhibition constant, mg/L

Bacterial Growth
Monod eq.
Ks >> S, then, Ks << S, then,

m S = Ks

Zero order First order

= m

Haldane eq.
m S * = ( ) 1 + 2 K s / Ki

S = K s / Ki
*

Beyond this point, the process cannot grow and will fail.
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Rate of utilization of soluble substrates

rsu

kXS = Ks + S

m = kY
rsu

m k= Y

m XS = Y (K s + S )

rsu = substrate utilization rate, mg/L.d k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, mg substrate/mg cells.d m = maximum specific growth rate, mg new cells/mg cells.d

Rate of utilization of soluble substrates

Other rate expression for the utilization of soluble substrates

rsu = k rsu = kS

rsu = kXS
S rsu = kX So
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Rate of utilization of soluble substrate

rsu kXS = Ks + S

m = kY
rsu

m k= Y

m XS = Y (K s + S )

rsu = substrate utilization rate, mg/L.d k = maximum specific substrate utilization rate, mg substrate/mg cells.d m = maximum specific growth rate, mg new cells/mg cells.d 11

Rate of biomass growth with soluble substrates

rg = Yrsu kd X
kXS rg = Y kd X (K s + S )
NET GROWTH RATE

rg = net biomass production rate, mg VSS/L.d Y = true (synthesis) yield coefficient, mg VSS /mg bsCOD X = biomass concentration, mg/L kd = endogenous decay coefficient, mg VSS/mg VSS.d

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Typical kinetic coefficients for the activated sludge process for the removal of organic matter from domestic wastewater (200C)

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Total VSS And Active Biomass

rX T ,VSS = Yrsu kd X + f d (kd ) X + QX O , i / V
Net biomass growth rate Rate of cell debris production nbVSS in the influent

rXd = f d (k d ) X

rxT, VSS = total VSS production rate, mg/L.d Q = influent flowrate, L/d XO,i = influent nbVSS concentration, mg/L V= volume of the reactor, L

Active fraction of biomass

FX , act = (Yrsu kd X ) / rX T ,VSS

rxd = rate of production of cell debris, mg VSS/L.d fd = fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris (0.1-0.15 mg VSS/mg VSS)

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Yield Coefficient
g biomass produced Biomass yield = g substrate consumed
Synthesis (True) yield: to estimate amount of biomass produced during cell synthesis relative to the amount of substrate degraded. Net biomass yield: to estimate amount of active microorganisms

Ybio = rg / rsu Yobs = rX T ,VSS / rsu

(Considers decay of m/o)

Observed yield: to estimate amount of sludge produced Considers decay of m/o, includes VSS content due to cell debris and influent 15 nbVSS

READING ASSIGNMENT: CHP 7, ESTIMATION OF BIOMASS YIELD FROM BIOENERGETICS

Rate of oxygen uptake

rO = rsu 1.42 rg
rO = oxygen uptake rate, mg O2/L.d rsu = substrate utilization rate, mg bsCOD/L.d 1.42 = COD of the cell tissue (C5H7NO2), mg bsCOD/mg VSS r = net rate of biomass growth, mg VSS/L.d

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Growth kinetics for nitrifiers

nm N n = ( ) k dn Kn + N

Assuming excess DO is available.

n = Specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria, mg new cells / mg cells.d (1/T) nm = Maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria, mg new cells / mg cells.d (1/T) kdn = endogenous decay coefficient for nitrifying organisms, mg VSS/mg VSS.d Kn = half-velocity constant, mg/L N = Nitrogen concentration, mg/L

nm N DO n = ( )( ) kdn K n + N K O + DO

To account for the effects of DO

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The rate of substrate utilization for denitrifiers

The rate of substrate utilization indicating a slower utilization rate in the anoxic zone

kXS rsu = Ks + S
To indicate the effect of oxygen (which inhibits nitrate reduction by repressing nitrate reduction enzyme):

NO3 kXS rsu = ( )( )( ' ) K s + S K s , NO3 + NO3 K O + DO

= Fraction of denitrifying bacteria in the biomass, mg VSS / mg VSS KS,NO3 = half-velocity coefficient for nitrate limited reaction, mg/L KO = DO inhibition coefficient for nitrate limited reaction, mg/L

' KO

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Example
An industrial wastewater with a biodegradable soluble COD content of 300 mg/L and nonbiodegradable VSS of 50 mg/L is treated in an activated sludge process. Influent flowrate is 1000 m3/d. The biomass concentration in the aeration basin of 105 m3 is 2000 mg/L. The biodegradable soluble COD removal efficiency is 95%. k = 5 d-1, Ks = 40 mg/L, Y = 0.40 g VSS/g bsCOD, kd = 0.10 g VSS/g VSS.d Cell debris per dry weight = 0.10

Determine; Net biomass yield Observed yield VSS production rate & active biomass fraction

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Reactor Types

Batch reactors Complete-mix reactors Ideal flow reactors Plug-flow reactors Plug-flow with axial dispersion Non-ideal flow reactors

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Materials-balance equation in a system boundary

Accumulati Inflow rate on rate = to the within the system system boundary boundary

Outflow Generation rate from + rate within the system the system boundary boundary

dC V = QCo QC + rcV dt
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Rate expressions and orders

Zero-order reaction First-order reaction Second- order reaction Saturation (mixed-order) reaction Differential Method

rc = k
rc = kC
rc = kC 2
kC rc = K +C

rc = kC n
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Biological Treatment Processes

SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES ATTACHED GROWTH PROCESSES

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Modeling Biological Treatment Processes

SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES
The microorganisms responsible for treatment are maintained in liquid suspension by appropriate mixing.
Activated-sludge process(es) Aerated lagoons Aerobic digestion Anaerobic contact processes Anaerobic digestion

ATTACHED GROWTH (BIOFILM) PROCESSES

The microorganisms responsible for treatment are attached to an inert packing material (rock, gravel, sand, wide range of plastics, synthetic materials etc.).

Trickling filters Rotating biological contactors Packed-bed reactors, fluidized-bed reactors, expanded-bed reactors
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MODELING SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES

COMPLETE-MIX REACTORS

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Complete-mix reactors
Accumulation rate = inflow rate - outflow rate + generation rate dC V = QCo QC + rcV dt
Assumptions : well-mixed, constant volume, C and T are uniform Q, C0 Q, C

Under steady-state conditions and first-order reaction (rc = -kC)

C0 C0 C= = 1 + k (V / Q) 1 + k

System boundary
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Complete-mix reactors
Accumulation rate = inflow rate - outflow rate + generation rate dC V = QCo QC + rcV dt Under non-steady-state conditions and first-order Q, C0 Q, C reaction (rc = -kC)
C ' = dC / dt
= k+ Q/V

Q C0 C= (1 e t ) + C 0 e t V

System boundary
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MODELING SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES

COMPLETE-MIX ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS

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Complete-mix reactors
Influent Q, X0, S0 S, X, V
Return activated sludge Aeration tank Clarifier

Effluent (Q-Qw), Xe, S

QR, XR, S

Complete-mix aeration tank

Sludge Qw, XR, S

System boundary

Q = influent flow rate, m3/s Qw = waste sludge flowrate, m3/s V= reactor volume (aeration tank), m3 Xe = concentration of biomass in the effluent, g VSS/ m 3 XR = concentration of biomass in return line from the clarifier, g VSS/ m
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Complete-mix reactors
Biomass Mass Balance:rate = inflow rate - outflow rate + net growth Accumulation
rate

dX V = QX o [ (Q Qw ) X e + Qw X R ] + rgV dt
rg = net rate of biomass production, g VSS/ m3.d Assuming; X0 = 0 (can be neglected) and steady-state conditions prevail;

(Q Qw ) X e + Qw X R = rgV rs u (Q Qw ) X e + Qw X R = Y kd VX X
1/SRT

1 = SRT
SRT= Solids retention
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Complete-mix reactors
Biomass Mass Balance:
VX SRT = (Q Qw ) X e + Qw X R

If no clarifier following the aeration basin, thus, no recyle; R=0, Qw=0,

VX VX = = SRT = QX e QX

= theoretical hydraulic detention time, V/Q, d

SRT =

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SRT= Solids retention time, d

Complete-mix reactors
Biomass Mass Balance:
rs u 1 = Y kd SRT X
rsu Q( S 0 S ) S 0 S =U = = X VX X

1 = YU k d SRT
1 kS =Y kd SRT Ks + S

-rsu/X = U = Specific substrate utilization rate g BOD or COD/g VSS .d

S0= influent soluble substrate concentration, g BOD or bsCOD/m3 S= effluent soluble substrate concentration, g BOD or bsCOD/m3

K s [1 + k d SRT ] S= SRT (Yk k d ) 1

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Complete-mix reactors
Substrate Mass Balance:
Influent Q, X0, S0 Aeration tank Clarifier Effluent (Q-Qw), Xe, S

Return activated sludge QR, XR, S

S, X, V

dS V = QS o QS + rsuV dt
Assuming; steady-state conditions

Sludge
Qw, XR, S

V kXS K s [1 + k d SRT ] S 0 S = ( )( ) S= Q Ks + S SRT (Yk k d ) 1

SRT X =

Y (S 0 S ) 1 + k d SRT
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Complete-mix reactors
Mixed liquor VSS concentration:
XT = X + Xi
XT= total MLVSS concentration in aeration tank, g VSS/m3 X= biomass concentration, g VSS/m3 Xi = inert VSS; nonbiodegradable VSS (nbVSS), g VSS/m3

Inert material mass balance =

rx,i f d (k d ) X = At steady-state conditions

dX i V = QX 0,i X iV / SRT + rx ,iV dt

X i = X 0,i ( SRT / ) + f d ( k d ) X SRT

X0,i = nbVSS concentration in influent, g/m3 Xi = nbVSS concentration in aeration tank, g/m3 rx,i = rate of nbVSS production from cell debris, g/m3.d

SRT XT =

Y (S0 S ) X 0i SRT + f d (k d ) X SRT + 1 + k d SRT

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Complete-mix reactors
Mixed liquor VSS concentration:
XT = X + Xi
XT= total MLVSS concentration in aeration tank, g VSS/m3 X= biomass concentration, g VSS/m3 Xi = inert VSS; nonbiodegradable VSS (nbVSS), g VSS/m3

If both BOD removal and nitrification;

SRT XT =

Y (S 0 S ) SRT + f d (k d ) X SRT + 1 + k d SRT

Yn ( NO x ) X 0i SRT + 1 + k dn SRT

NOx = concentration of NH4-N in the influent that is nitrified kdn = endogenous decay coefficient for nitrifying organisms, g VSS/gVSS.d
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Complete-mix reactors
Total VSS produced daily :
Px T ,VSS X TV = SRT
Px T ,VSS
= total solid wasted daily, g VSS/d XT= total MLVSS concentration in aeration tank, g VSS/m3 V = volume of reactor, m3 SRT = solids retention time, d

PX T ,VSS =

QY ( S 0 S ) QY ( S 0 S ) SRT QYn ( NO x ) + f d (kd ) + + QX 0,i 1 + k d SRT 1 + k d SRT 1 + k dn SRT

(B) Cell debris (C) Nitrifyin g bacteria biomass (D) nbVSS in influent

(A) Heterotroph ic biomass

NOx = concentration of NH4-N in the influent that is nitrified kdn = endogenous decay coefficient for nitrifying organisms, g VSS/gVSS.d

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Complete-mix reactors
TSS produced daily :
VSS = 0.80 0.90 (typical biomass ratio; 0.85) TSS

PX T ,TSS

A B C = + + + D + Q(TSS 0 VSS 0 ) 0.85 0.85 0.85

TSS0 = influent wastewater TSS concentration, g/m3 VSS0 = influent wastewater VSS concentration, g/m3

PX T= net waste activated sludge produced daily, measured in terms of TSS, g ,TSS

Mass of MLVSS Mass of MLSS

(XVSS) V = (Px,VSS) SRT (XTSS) V = (Px,TSS) SRT

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Complete-mix reactors
Observed Yield:
Yobs X 0 ,i Y SRT Y = + f d (k d ) + 1 + k d SRT 1 + k d SRT ( S 0 S )
Heterotroph ic biomass Cell debris nbVSS in influent

Yobs

X 0 ,i Yn Y SRT Y = + f d (k d ) + + 1 + k d SRT 1 + k d SRT 1 + k dn SRT ( S 0 S )

Nitrifyin g bacteria biomass

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Oxygen Requirements:
Oxygen used = bCOD removed COD of waste sludge

RO = Q(S0-S) - 1.42 Px,bio + 4.33Q (NOx)

RO = oxygen required, kg/d Px,bio = biomass as VSS wasted per day, kg/d

Oxidized nitrogen:
In separate nitrification or In combined BOD removal and nitrification

Q(NOx) = Q(TKN0) QNe 0.12 Px,bio

Ne = effluent NH4-N 0.12 = N content in C5H7NO2
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Design & Operating Parameters

Solids retention time (SRT):
SRT = the most critical parameter of activated-sludge design. It represents; the average period of time during which the sludge has remained in the system SRT affects treatment 1 kS process performance, =Y kd SRT Ks + S aeration tank volume, sludge production, oxygen requirements.

or BOD removal= 3-5 d (dependent on mixed-liquor temperature) at 18-250C= SRT ~ 3 d (to limit nitrification), even 1 d
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Design & Operating Parameters

Process performance and stability Washout; S = S0 SRT = SRTmin

kS 0 1 =Y kd SRTmin K s + S0
If S0 >> Ks;

1 Yk k d m k d SRTmin
Safety factor (SF) = SRTdes/ SRTmin (SF= 2-20)
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Design & Operating Parameters

Food to microorganisms (F/M) ratio:
F total applied substrate rate QS 0 S 0 = = = M total microbial biomass VX X
(g BOD or bsCOD/ g VSS.d)

F/M = 1.0 g BOD or bsCOD/ g VSS.d for high-rate systems F/M = 0.04 g BOD or bsCOD / g VSS.d for extended-aeration

Specific substrate utilization rate:

U= (F / M )E 100
E = BOD or bsCOD process removal efficiency, (S0-S)*100/S0

S0 S U= X

1 = YU k d SRT

1 (F / M )E =Y kd SRT 100
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Design & Operating Parameters

Volumetric organic loading rate:
Lorg Q S0 = V (10 3 g / kg )

Lorg = volumetric organic loading rate, kg BOD/m 3.d Q= influent wastewater flowrate, m3/d V= aeration tank volume, m3 S0 = influent BOD concentration, g/m3

Usually, Lorg is 0.3-3.0 kg BOD or COD /m3.d (applied to the aeration tan

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Mixed-liquor settling characteristics

Should be considered while designing secondary clarifier; Sludge volume index (SVI) : is the volume of 1 g of sludge after 30 min of settling. (suspended solids in terms of MLSS) 3
SVI = ( settled volume of sludge, mL / L)(10 mg / g ) mL = suspended solids, mg / L g

SVI <100

good settling sludge (desired)

SVI > 150 filamentous growth, poor settling

100 With SVI; R required to R= maintain a fixed MLSS 100 /( Pw SVI ) 1 in the aeration tank can be determined; Pw = MLSS as expressed as percentage
(eq. 0.3% ~ 3000 mg/L)
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SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Influent Q, X0, S0 Aeration tank Clarifier Effluent (Q-Qw), Xe, S

S, X, V
QR, XR, S

(Q-Qw =Qe)

Sludge

Assuming; steady-state conditions

Mass balance around the clarifier:

Qw, XR, S

0 = X(Q + QR) - QRXR - XRQW - QeXe

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SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Mass balance around the clarifier:

QR

[ XQ ( XV / SRT )] =
XR X

OR Recycle ratio = R = Q

1 ( / SRT ) R= (X R / X ) 1

Mass balance around the aeration tank: OR = R =

X XR X
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SECONDARY CLARIFIER

Typical return sludge pumping rate: 50 - 75% of Qave

Design average capacity = 100 - 150% of the design flowrate Return sludge concentration, XR = 4000 12000 mg/L

Solids loading rate (SLR):

(Q + QR ) X SLR = A
A= clarifier surface area, m2

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EXAMPLE
Design a complete-mix activated sludge process to treat primary effluent of 10000 m3/d by both BOD removal and nitrification. Influent BOD = 150 g/m3 (bCOD/BOD=1.6) Effluent BOD = 2 g/m3 Influent TKN = 35 mg/L, Effluent NH4-N = 0.5 mg/L Determine NH4-Nin / TKNin = 0.65 Oxygen demand in the SRT = 15 d aeration tank Theoretical detention time = 8 h Oxygen uptake rate Oxygen required for Yn= 0.12 nitrification Ks = 40 mg/L, Tank biomass concentration Y = 0.40 g VSS/g bCOD, kd = 0.08 g VSS/g VSS.d kdn = 0.06 g VSS/g VSS.d 48

MODELING SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES

PLUG-FLOW ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS

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Plug-flow reactors
Q, Co
x x+ x L

Q, C

C V = QC | x QC | x + x + rc V t
C Q C = + rc t A x
C Q C = + rc t A x

C = change in average concentration with t time, (mg/L.s) C = constituent concentration, mg/L V= differential volume element, L rc = reaction rate for constituent C, mg/L.s

Under steady-state conditions and nth-order reaction (rc = -kCn)

C0

dC A L AL V = k dx = k = k = k n 0 Q Q Q C

C0

dC V = k = k n Q C
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Non-ideal Plug-flow reactors: with axial dispersion

C 4a exp(1 / 2d ) = C 0 (1 + a) 2 exp(a / 2d ) (1 a) 2 exp(a / 2d )
Wehner and Wilhelm equation

C= effluent concentration, mg/L C0 = influent concentration, mg/L a = (1+4kd)1/2 d = dispersion factor = D/uL D=coefficient of axial dispersion, m2/s u=fluid velocity, m/s L= characteristic length, m
As d goes to infinity, complete-mix, if d=0 then plugflow.
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To check if the flow is ideal or not

Tracer study analyses
Pulse dose Step input

Plug-flow reactor

READING ASSIGNMENT: Residence time distribution (RTD) Curves Chp 4-4 (Metcalf & Eddy, 4th Ed.)

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Kinetic model of the plug-flow reactor

Two simplifying assumptions: - Microorganisms concentration in influent = microorganisms concentration in effluent applies only if; SRT / >5 then; average microorganism concentration: X

k XS rsu =; - Rate of substrate utilization through the tank Ks + S

After integration, and substitution of equation for X
k (S 0 S ) 1 =Y kd SRT ( S 0 S ) + (1 + ) K s ln(S i / S )
S 0 + S Si = (1 + )

Si = influent concentration to reactor after dilution with recycle flow = recycle ratio

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