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Derives its name from the fact that various glands release hormones directly into the blood, which in turn transports the hormones to target tissues via ducts.
Islets of Langerhans
specialized tissues in which the endocrine functions of the pancreas occurs include 3 types of cells:
alpha ( ) beta () delta ()
the Adrenal Medulla secretes the catecholamine hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine (closely related to the sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system).
Ovaries:
located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the uterus. Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture
estrogen protesterone
Complications of Diabetes:
contributes to heart disease stroke kidney disease blindness
Most sugars in the human diet are complex and must be broken down into simple sugars: glucose, galactose and fructose - before use.
To be converted into energy, glucose must first be transmitted through the cell membrane. BUT - the glucose molecule is large and doesnt readily diffuse through the cell membrane.
The rate at which glucose can enter the cell is dependent upon insulin levels.
Insulin serves as the messenger - travels via blood to target tissues. Combines with specific insulin receptors on the surface of the cell membrane.
Composed of widely distributed ductless glands Such glands pour their secretions ( hormones ) into the blood, instead of into the original epithelium from which they originate The glands of the endocrine system do not form an anatomic system of continuity, rather, form a system only from a functional standpoint
Hormones
Secretory products formed by the endocrine glands Specific organic substances, manufactured under physiologic conditions and carried by the blood to various parts of the body to perform their particular functions Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located in the lower central part of the brain. This part of the brain is important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland.
Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which are secreted into an artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly to the pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretion of stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called somatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to stop the release of growth
Endocrine Organs
1. Pituitary glands 2. Pineal glands 3. Thyroid glands 4. Parathyroid glands 5. Adrenal / Suprarenal glands 6. Pancreas 7. Testes 8. Ovaries
Growth hormone - Stimulates growth of bone and tissue (growth hormone deficiency in children results in growth failure. Growth hormone deficiency in adults results in problems in maintaining proper amounts of body fat and muscle and bone mass. It is also involved in emotional wellbeing.)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the pituitary or the thyroid itself is called hypothyroidism.)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce several related steroid hormones Luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) - Hormones that control sexual function and production of the sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone in females or testosterone in males
Prolactin - Hormone that stimulates milk production in females The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated by the hypothalamus: Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Controls water loss by the kidneys Oxytocin - Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brain and carried to the pituitary gland through
Oxytocin - Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brain and carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the pituitary gland.
Pineal Gland
Epiphysis cerebri Located at the caudal portion of the thalamus Produces melatonin which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
Pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. One part of the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes.
Testosterone is a major part of puberty in boys, and as a guy makes his way through puberty, his testicles produce more and more of it. Testosterone is the hormone that causes boys to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles, and body and facial hair, and it also stimulates the production of sperm.
The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
The female reproductive system enables a woman to: produce eggs (ova) have sexual intercourse protect and nourish the fertilized egg until it is fully developed give birth Produces the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development of female characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved in reproductive functions (for example, menstruation, pregnancy).