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FP101 PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES

CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE


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Course Learning Outcome (CLO):


Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1) Explain the basic computer and programming fundamentals with appropriate examples of language and technology. 2) Apply the different types of algorithm to solve problem efficiently. 3) Solve problem effectively by applying related theories of the basic programming language to a given particular scenario using programming life cycle.

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Topic Specification
3.1 Understand data and identifier 3.2 Solve problem using operators in a program 3.3 Apply program control structure

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3.1 Understand Data & Identifier

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Understand Data & Identifier


What is data? Input for the program Pre-processing fact Data types: Numeric Non-numeric

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Data Types: Numeric

A type of data that use to do a calculation only. 2 types:


Integer Number (..-2,-1,0,1,2..) Explicit Number (Floating number)

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Data Types: Non Numeric

Consist character, number, words, and specific symbol. We put them inside the apostrophe ( ).
Example: A, task2 , & , ()

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Data Types Table :


Data Types Numeric Integer Description Integers only Example -5, -90, 5, 0, 34

Floating Integers + floating numbers

-8.9 , 9.6, 2 9.001, 0.7 A, a, +, ()

Non-numeric

Characters, numbers and symbol

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EXERCISE Determine the data types:


2337 0.56 4.7 2 % /

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Data Structures/ Hierarchy :


Data Hierarchy refers to the systematic organization of data, often in a hierarchical form. Data organization involves fields, records, files and database.
Bit Byte Field Record File Database
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BIT
Basic unit of memory. Either 0 or 1 can be stored. Smallest data of unit storage

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BYTE
Ordered collection of 8 bits Series of bits that represent characters.

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FIELD
Holds a single fact Consider a date field, e.g. "September 19, 2004 have 3 fields
Month Day of month Year

Column in database

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Example of Field
MONTH

DAY

YEAR

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Example of Field

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RECORD
Collection of related fields Combination field about a thing, person, place etc. Row in database

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EXAMPLE OF RECORD

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FILE
Collection of related records Table in database

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EXAMPLE OF FILE

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DATABASE
One or more data files / table A database is a collection of data that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.

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EXAMPLE OF DATABASE

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Data Structures

DATA SYSTEM (one or more Database) DATABASE ( one or more Files)

FILE or TABLE (one or more Record)


RECORD or ROW (one or more Fields) FIELD or COLUMN (one or more Bytes) BYTE or CHARACTER (8 bits) BIT
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Identify Terms:

Identifier Variables Constant

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IDENTIFIER
The given name to multiple elements in programming such as constant, variables and function.

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VARIABLES
Location memory Will keep data value The value are changeable during entire programming execution.

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VARIABLES
Declaration of variables

a = 5; b = 2; a = a + 1; result = a - b;

int a; int b; int c;

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VARIABLES
// operating with variables #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { // declaring variables: int a, b; int result; // process: a = 5; b = 2; a = a + 1; result = a - b; // print out the result: cout << result; // terminate the program: return 0; }
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CONSTANT
Constants are expressions with a fixed value. The value are not changeable during entire programming execution. Example:
const int days_in_year = 365; const float ChickenPerKg= 17.5;

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CONSTANT vs. VARIABLES


Constant
Value :- 25

Variables
Variables name: Age Value :- 25, 30, 15 Variables name: Cash Value :- 2.5, 3.0, 1.5

Value : - 3.2

Value :- Kangar

Variables name: City Value :- Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown

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How to write identifier?


Combination of: Character (A - Z), (a - z) Digit (0 - 9) Underscore (_) Cannot start with digit Not have reserve words No blank space No limit of character usage but the system will identify first 32 character Case sensitive
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EXERCISE Determine either this is a valid identifier:


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. my_school 100students Vari,ables PoliteknikBalikPulau PLAYINGFOOTBALL Playing Football Saya_suka_membaca %fail
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3.2 Solve problem Using Operators in a Program

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Operators in a Program
What is OPERATOR? A symbol to represent particular computer operation. Consists of: i. Arithmetic Operators ii. Relational Operators iii. Logical Operators

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ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

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Arithmetic Operator
It have 5 basic operator in programming language: Symbol Operator
+ Addition

_
* / %

Subtraction
Multiplication Division Modulus

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Arithmetic Operator
Modulus (%)?
To get balance from two handling division. i.e.: a) 5 % 3 is 2
1 3

5 3
2 BALANCE IS 2!
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b) 17 % 4 is 1.

4
4

17
16 1 BALANCE IS 1!

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Operator Priority
It have a basic priority that should know :
Operator () * / + % Priority Highest Higher Lower

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Operator Priority
a) x = 5 + 2 * 4 1 x = 5+2*41 x = 5+81 x = 13 - 1 x = 12
for the same priority, start from left side.

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Operator Priority
b) x = ( 5 + 2 ) * ( 4 - 1)
x = ( 5 + 2 ) * ( 4 - 1) x = 7 * 3 x = 21
Bracket has a highest priority!!

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EXERCISE Get the answer for this question: a) 9 + 1 2 b) 2 * 5 + 2 / 1 c) 12 % 5 d) 4 + (7 - 3) * 3 e) ( 2 * 4 ) * 2 ( 6 + 2 ) / 8

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RELATIONAL OPERATOR

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Relational Operation
To compare 2 operator. Same data type, i.e. integer, character or string. The result is either TRUE or FALSE.
Symbol > < >= <= == != Description Greater than Less than Greater or equal than Less or equal than Equal with Not equal with
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LOGICAL OPERATOR

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Logical Operator
To test some operation Have 3 symbol:
Symbol && || ! Description AND OR NOT

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Logical Operator
Base on TRUTH TABLE.
P FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE Q FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE P && Q FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE P || Q FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE

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Logical Operator
Example:
Given a=3 and b=5; a) x = (a > 0) && (b > 0) The x value is TRUE because 3 is greater than 0 AND 5 is greater than 0 as well. b) x = ( a < b ) && ( b == 0 ) The x value is FALSE . Although 3 is less than 5, but 5 is not equal with zero.
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EXERCISE
Find x value either TRUE or FALSE from the following equation:
Given a=2 and b=4; a) x = ( a != 0 ) | | b) x = ( a == b ) | | c) x = ! ( a == b ) d) x = ! ( a < b)

( b != 0 ) (b==0)

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Another Example:
a = ! ( 2 > 5) | | 6 + 3 >= 4 3;
! (FALSE) | | (9 >= 1 ) TRUE | | TRUE

a = TRUE

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INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATOR

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Increment And Decrement Operator


Sometimes, we need to increment or decrement a single value in programming. Symbol Operator The value is as below:
++ -Add 1 Minus 1

Valid for variables only i.e. a++, b++, a--, b--, x++, y-- and invalid for constant i.e. 5-- or 9++.
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Increment And Decrement Operator


The ++ and -- can be put before or after variables. i.e. we can write a++ or ++a, b-- or --b.

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Example
Given; a=3 b=5 a++ a-b++ b- a value is 4 a value is 2 b value is 6 b value is 4

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EXERCISE
Given;

x=8

y=6 Find value for: 1. x++ 2. x-3. y++ 4. y 5. ++x 6. --y


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3.3 Apply Program Control Structures

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Logical Structures
3 types of program control structures:
i. Sequence ii. Selection iii. Repetition

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SEQUENCE

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Sequence
Command set which is execute line by line. Follows logic flow. Example: You need to develop the program which can read student name and count their total mark for one semester. Then the program can print the marks. Formula:
Total marks = continuous evaluation + final evaluation
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Answer : Algorithm
1. Read student name 2. Read continuous evaluation marks 3. Read final evaluation marks 4. Count total marks by add continuous evaluation and final evaluation 5. Print student name and their total marks.

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Answer: Pseudo Code


Begin Read student name, continuous evaluation marks, final evaluation marks Count total marks= continuous evaluation + final evaluation Print student name and total marks End

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Answer : Flow Chart


Start
Read student name, continuous evaluation, final evaluation

Count Total marks = continuous evaluation + final evaluation

Print students name, total marks

End
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EXERCISE..

Develop a program which can count a room wide.


Wide = Length x Width

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SELECTION

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Selection
The expression which result on TRUE or FALSE. Consists 2 keywords:
if else

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Selection
The selection control structure can be categorized into 4 groups : 1. if statement 2. if-else statement 3. if-else statement (nested) 4. Switch statement

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IF Statement
The IF statement will perform an action if the condition is true and ignore the action if the condition is false.

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Example : IF Statement
if speed > 110 print penalty

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Answer : Algorithm
1. Read speed 2. If speed more than 110, print penalty

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Answer: Pseudo Code


Begin Read speed if speed> 110, print penalty end if End

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Answer: Flow Chart


Begin

Read speed

Speed > 110

True

Print Penalty

False End
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EXERCISE..

If marks < 40 print fail.

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IF-ELSE Statement
The IF statement will perform an action if the condition is true and perform another action if the condition is false.

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Example: if-else statement


If speed > 110 print penalty Else print no penalty

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Answer : Algorithm
1. Read speed 2. If speed more than 110, print penalty 3. Else, print no penalty

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Answer : Pseudo Code


Begin Read speed if speed> 110, print penalty else print no penalty end if End

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Answer : Flow Chart


Start

Read speed

Print No Penalty

False

Speed > 110

True

Print Penalty

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End

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EXERCISE..

If marks < 40 print fail Else print pass

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IF-ELSE Statement (Nested)


The IF-ELSE nested statement is a condition when we have an if in another if body. We use this control structure if we have many selection to be handle with. Syntax:

if .

else if else
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Example : If-Else Nested Statement


Create a program that can recognize and print the price base on user prompt code. If user enter a non-available value, the program will print Code Not Recognize.
Code 1 2 3 4 Price (RM) 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
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Example: Algorithm
1.Read code 2. If code equal to one, then print RM2.00 3. Else if code equal to 2, then print RM4.00 4. Else if code equal to 3, then print RM6.00 5. Else if code equal to 4, then print RM8.00 6. Else print Code Not Recognize

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Example: Pseudo Code


Begin Read code if code = 1 print RM2.00 else if code = 2 print RM4.00 else if code = 3 print RM6.00 else if code = 4 print RM8.00 else Print Code Not Recognized End
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Example: Flow Chart


Start Print Code Not Recognized F

Read code

Code =1

Code =2

Code =3

Code =4

Print RM2.00

Print RM4.00

Print RM6.00

Print RM8.00

End

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EXERCISE.. Develop a program which can determine a driver expertise by count their training day.
Training day 0 1-3 4 - 10 >10 Expertise None Weak Average Expert

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REPETITION

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Repetition
Using loop structure. 3 types of loop:
While Do .. While For

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While Loop
Repeat as pre-condition is true
while (condition) { loop body }

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While Loop
The while construct consists of a block of code and a condition. The condition is evaluated, and if the condition is true, the code within the block is executed. This repeats until the condition becomes false. Because while loops check the condition before the block is executed, the control structure is often also known as a pre-test loop.
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While General
True

Condition

Loop body False

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While Example
Create a program that can print the value which is less than 5.

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While Pseudo Code


Begin Read value= 0 while value < 5 Print value value=value+1 end while End
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While Flow Chart


Start

Value = 0 Value = Value + 1 Value < 5 ? True

Print Value

False

End
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While Source Code

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Do-While Loop

Repeat as post-condition is true


do { loop body } while (condition)

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Do-While Loop
The do while construct consists of a block of code and a condition. First, the code within the block is executed, and then the condition is evaluated. If the condition is true the code within the block is executed again. This repeats until the condition becomes false. Because do while loops check the condition after the block is executed, the control structure is often also known as a post-test loop.
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Do-While General
True

Loop body

Condition

False

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Do-While Example
Create a program that can print the value which is less than 5.

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Do-While Pseudo code


Begin Read value= 0 repeat Print value value=value+1 until value < 5 End
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Do-While Flow Chart


Start

Value = 0

True Print value Value = Value+1 Value < 5 ? False End

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Do-While Source Code

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For loop
Suitable if we know the number of iterations.
for (expr1;expr2;expr3) { s1; s2 ; }

expr1 is executed only once before looping. expr2 is a Boolean expression. If not given, it is assumed to be true. If expr2 is false, the loop is terminated. After execution of the repeat section, expr3 is executed.
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For loop
The for loop is often distinguished by an explicit loop counter or loop variable. This allows the body of the for loop (the code that is being repeatedly executed) to know about the sequencing of each iteration. for loops are also typically used when the number of iterations is known before entering the loop.

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For loop
1

2
5
for ( , { 3 printf( } , )

4
);

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For Example
Create a program that can print the value which is less than 5.

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For Pseudo code


Begin Read value For value < 5 Print value value=value+1 End for End

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For Flow chart


Start

Value = 0

Value <5 False End

True Print value value ++

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For Example

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