MATHS PROJECT WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Ritika Pandey gratefully acknowledge the contribution, support and constant encouragement of my maths teacher { Mrs. Vidya Kumari } in this project. Without her support I wont be able to perform this project. I also want to thanks Encarta and internet for providing the information. I have mad every effort to make this project upto her expectations but also apologize in advance for any omission that may have taken place. THANK YOU

INTRODUCTION
In mathematics, a polynomial (from Greek polloi, "many"+ nomus, "part, portion") is an expression of finite length. It can either zero, or can be written as the sum of one or more nonzero terms. These terms consist of a constant (called the coefficient of the term) which may be multiplied by a finite number of variables (usually represented by letters). Each variable may have an exponent that is a non-negative integer, i.e., a natural number. For example, x2 4x + 7 is a polynomial, but x2 4/x + 7x3/2 is not, because its second term involves division by the variable x (4/x) and because its third term contains an exponent that is not a whole number (3/2).

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The answers of the exercise questions have been hyperlinked. You have to put the curser on the answer to get the answer. The words that are underlined have been hyperlinked.

 The exponent on a variable in a term is called the degree of that variable in that term, the degree of the term is the sum of the degrees of the variables in that term, and the degree of a polynomial is the largest degree of any one term. Since x = x1, the degree of a variable without a written exponent is one. A term with no variables is called a constant term, or just a constant. The degree of a constant term is 0. The coefficient of a term may be any number from a specified set. If that set is the set of real numbers, we speak of "polynomials over the reals". An expression of the form: p(x)=a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + anxn , where an 0,is called a polynomial in x of degree n.

USES OF POLYNOMIALS
Polynomials appear in a vast variety of areas of mathematics and science. For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problems to complicated problems in the sciences; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; they are used in calculus and numerical analysis to approximate other functions. In advanced mathematics, polynomials are used to construct polynomial rings, a central concept in abstract algebra and algebraic geometry.

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
Two major ways of classifying polynomials is on the basis of:
(1) Number Of Terms
No. of terms 1 Name Monomial Origin mono means one Example 4x2

2
3

Binomial
Trinomial

bi means two
tri means three

2x+y
2x2+3x+1

(2) Degree
Degree 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Name Zero Example 0

(non zero) Constant 1 Linear Quadratic Cubic Quintic Sextic (hexic) Septic (heptic) Octic x+1 x2+1 x3+1 X5+1 X6+1 X7+1 X8+1

Quartic(biquadratic X4+1

GENERAL FORM OF POLYNOMIALS GENERAL FORMS

The general form of linear polynomial is- ax+b, where a and b are real no. and a0. The general form of quadratic polynomial isax2+bx+c, where a, b and c are real no. and a0. The general form of cubic polynomial isax3+bx2+cx+d, where a, b, c and d are real no. and a0.

GRAPHICAL MEANING OF THEOF ZEROES OF A GEOMETRICAL MEANING THE ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL POLYNOMIAL
For a linear polynomial ax+b, a 0, the graph of y= ax+b is a straight line which intersects the x-axis at exactly one point, namely, the xcoordinate of the point where the graph of y=ax+b intersects the x-axis. Example: Show the zero of the linear polynomial 5x+1 graphically.

x
y

0
1

1
6

-1
-4

Y
T

(1,6)

X
5x+1

(0,1)

R (-1,-4)

As the line cuts x-axis at only one point, it has one zero i.e the xcoordinat e of the point where it intersect s x-axis. So, the zero is 1/5.

The graph of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+ c where a0, the graph of the corresponding equation y=ax2+bx+c has one of the two shapes either open upwards like or open downwards like depending on whether a>0 or a<0 (these curves are called parabolas). The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, a0, are precisely the x-coordinate of the points where the parabola representing y=ax2+bx+c intersects the x-axis. Example: Show the zero of the quadratic polynomial -x2-2x+3 graphically.
x y -3 0 0 3 1 0

Y
(0,3) T (0,3)

(-3,0)

(1,0)

Y The coefficient of x2 in f(x)=-x2 -2x+3 is -1, which is smaller than 0 so the parabola opens downwards. As the parabola cuts x-axis at two points namely R and S it has two zeroes i.e. the x-coordinate of R and S. So the zeroes are -3 and 1.

PROOF THAT QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL HAS ONLY TWO ZEROES:

Case-1: Here the graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points A and A. The x-coordinate of A and A are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c in this case.
A A

Here, a<0

Here, a>0

Case-2: Here the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point i.e., at two coincident points. So, the two points A and A of case-1 coincide here to become one point A. The x-coordinate of A is the only zero for the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c in this case.
A A

Here, a<0

Here, a>0

Case-3: Here, the graph is either completely above the x-axis or completely below the xaxis. So, it does not cut the x-axis at any point. So, the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c has no zero in this case.

Here, a>0

Here, a<0

Similarly there are 3, 2,1 and 0 zeroes are there in a cubic polynomial. So, from the above we can say that , given a polynomial p(x) of degree n, the graph of y=p(x) intersects the x-axis at atmost n points i.e. a polynomial p(x)of degree n has atmost n zeroes.

INTRODUCTION TO ALPHA (), BETA () AND GAMMA (). Alpha ():

The first angle in a triangle, opposite the side A. One root of a quadratic equation, where represents the other. The false positive rate in statistics.

Beta (): The second angle in a triangle, opposite side B. One root of a quadratic equation, where represents the other.

 The false negative rate in statistics.

Gamma ():
The gamma function, a generalization of the factorial. Second-order sensitivity to price in mathematical finance. The third angle in a triangle, opposite the side C. The Euler-Mascheroni constant in mathematics. The heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTS OF A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL

Let and be the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial p(x)=ax2+bx+c, where a0. Then, (x-) and (x-) are the factors of p(x). So, (ax2+bx+c)= k (x-) (x-), where k is a constant = k {x2 - (+)x + } = kx2- k(+)x + k()

 On comparing coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get k = a,-k(+) = b and k() = c -a(+) = b and a() = c [as, k=a] (+)=-b/a and = c /a. So, sum of zeroes = -(coefficient of x)/(coefficient of x2) product of zeroes = constant term/coefficient of x2.

DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS

If f(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that f(x) = q(x)*g(x)+r(x), Where r(x)=0 or { degree of r(x)} < { degree of g(x)}. Example-1: Divide 3x2+5x-1 by x+2 and verify the division algorithm. Sol. q(x)*g(x)+r(x) = (3x-1) (x+2)+ 1 = 3x2 + 6x -x-2+1 = 3x2+5-1 = f(x)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ( MCQ)

Que-1: The degree of the remainder r(x) when p(x)= bx3+cx+d is divided by a polynomial of degree 4 is (a) less than 4 (b) less than 3 (c) equal to 3 (d) less than or equal to 3 Que-2: If the zeroes of the of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, c0 are equal, then c and a (a) have opposite signs (b) have same signs

 (c) are always equal (d) are always unequal Que-3: If 5 is one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2-kx-15, then the value of k is (a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 4 (d) -4 Que-4: A quadratic polynomial with 3 and 2 as the sum and product of its zeroes respectively is (a) x2+3x-2 (b) x2-3x+2 (c) x2-2x+3 (d) x2-2x-3 Que-5: If the graph of a polynomial intersects the x-axis at exactly two, then it (a) cannot be a linear or a cubic polynomial

(b) can be a quadratic polynomial only (c) can be a cubic or a quadratic polynomial (d) can be a linear or a quadratic polynomial Que-6: A real number is called a zero of the polynomial f(x), then (a) f()=-1 (b) f()=1 (c) f()=0 (d) f()=-2 Que-7: Which of the following is a polynomial? (a) x2+1/x (b) 2x2 -x-1 +1 (c) 3x2-3x+1 (d) x2+x-2+7 Que-8: If the product of two of the zeroes of the polynomial 2x39x2+13x-6 is 2, the third zero is

 (a) -1 (b)-2 (c) 3/2 (d)-3/2 Que-9: If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2kx+6 is 3, the value of k is (a) 3 (b) -3 (c) 6 (d) 9 Que-10: The degree of the polynomial whose graph is given below is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) cannot be found
Answer
0

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Que-1: What do you mean by zeroes of a polynomial? Que-2: Give one example of a cubic polynomial whose two zeroes are zero. Que-3: On division of a non-zero polynomial p(x) by a polynomial g(x), the remainder is zero, then what is the relation between the degrees of p(x) and g(x)? Que-4: On division of a polynomial p(x) by a polynomial g(x) the quotient is zero , then what is the relation between the degrees of p(x) and g(x)?

 Que-5: If , are roots of a quadratic polynomial p(x), then what will be the value of p(x)? Que-6: If p(x) is divided by a polynomial of degree 2 then quotient is of degree 2 and remainder of degree zero. Write the degree of p(x). Que-7: If (x+1) is a factor of the polynomial x3+2x2+2x+1. Find the other factors. Que-8: What will be the remainder, if x6+1 is divided by x+1?
Answer

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Que-1: Find the zeros of the polynomial 3x2+10x+73. Answer Que-2: Form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 3- 3/5 and 3+ 3/5. Answer Que-3: If one zero of the polynomial (a2+9)x2+13x+6a is reciprocal of the other, find the value of a. Answer Que-4: Find a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are , and such that (++)=6, (++)=-1 and =-30.
Answer

Warning:

Don't get careless and confuse multiplication and addition. This may sound like a silly thing to say, but it is the most commonly-made mistake (after messing up the order of operations): (x)(x) = x2 (multiplication) x + x = 2x (addition) " x2 " DOES NOT EQUAL " 2x " So if you have something like x3 + x2, DO NOT try to say that this somehow equals something like x5 or 5x. If you have something like 2x + x, DO NOT say that this somehow equals something like 2x2.

 THANK YOU

MADE BY: Ritika Pandey XTH C 17