Material Handling System

Conveyors

Material Handling System

Expenses borne by Expenses to

Customer

The Manufacturer

System approach (Physical distribution) Aim- Attainment of Lowest over-all cost Expenses borne by

Distributor

Expenses borne by

Transport carrier

Expenses borne by

Warehouses
The Storage & Handling of Raw Materials Packaging & disposition of the finished product

What is Conveyor?
A horizontal, inclined, or vertical device for moving or transporting bulk materials, packages, or objects in a path predetermined by the design of the device and having points of loading and discharge fixed, or selective; included are skip hoists and vertical reciprocating conveyors. Industrial trucks, Tractors and Trailers, Tiering machines (truck type), Cranes, Hoists, monorails, Power and hand shovels, Power scoops, Bucket drag lines, Platform elevators designed to carry passengers or the elevator operator, and highway or rail vehicles are not included.

Conveyors for bulk materials

Air or pneumatic Apron Belt Bucket elevator Car dumper Car shaker Continuous flow Gravity-discharge bucket Screw Skip hoist Vibrating or oscillating
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Air or pneumatic conveyor

An arrangement of tubes or ducts through which bulk material or objects are conveyed in a pressure and/or vacuum system

Apron conveyor
Conveyor having chains as the driving medium supported by rollers or sliding tracks and having attached plates or pans forming the carrying surface.

A conveyor in which an apron composed of shaped or flat overlapping plates forms the moving bed.

Belt conveyor
An endless fabric, rubber, plastic, leather, or metal belt operating over suitable drive, tail end and bend terminals and over belt idlers or slider bed for handling bulk materials, packages, or objects, placed directly upon it.

Bucket conveyor
Any type of conveyor in which the material is carried in a series of buckets.

(a) Bottom discharge bucket conveyor

(d) Buckets

(b) Pivoted bucket conveyor

(c) Bucket elevator

Continuous flow
A conveyor comprising a series of skeleton or solid flights on an endless chain or other linkage which operates in horizontal, inclined, or vertical paths within a closely fitted casing for the carrying Closed flights run. The bulk material is conveyed and elevated.

Loop-feed elevator

Horizontal conveyor

En masse conveyor

Gravity-discharge bucket
Conveyor consisting of freely swinging buckets carried between parallel endless chains, the buckets being tipped to discharge contents. The centre of gravity of the bucket is below the centreline of the chain, pivot and thus the chain may follow any path from horizontal to vertical with the buckets continuing to hang vertically. Feeding of the buckets may be either or by means of a suitable rotary feeder.

(a) Bottom discharge bucket conveyor

(b) Gravity discharge conveyor/elevator

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Screw conveyor
Conveyor with a stationary trough or tube as the carrying medium, the material being moved by the action of a rotating helix.

Full bladed screw conveyor

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Skip hoist
Multi-wheeled bucket or car operating up and down a defined path, through wire rope receiving, elevating, and discharging bulk material on an inclined/vertical track curved at the top to tip and empty the skip automatically.

(c) Types of skip hoist & skip-hoist paths

(a) Vertical skip hoist

(b) Inclined skip hoist

Economical and practical, batch conveyor. Useful for high lifts and extremely lumpy or hot materials.
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Vibrating conveyor
Conveyor, which consists of a flexibly mounted metallic or plastic trough or tube, in which the material, under the effect of vibrations, moves; the amplitude and frequency being variable.

Mechanical oscillation conveyor

Directional-throw units which consist of a spring-supported horizontal pan vibrated by a direct-connected eccentric arm, rotating eccentric weights, an electromagnet, or a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder.

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Conveyors for bulk materials

Function
Conveying materials horizontally

Conveyor type

Conveying materials up or down an incline Elevating materials Handling materials over a combination horizontal and vertical path Distributing materials to or collecting materials from bins, bunkers, etc. Removing materials from rail cars, trucks, etc.

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Conveyors for bulk materials

Function
Conveying materials horizontally

Conveyor type
Apron, belt, continuous flow, drag flight, screw, vibrating, bucket, pivoted bucket, air Apron, belt, continuous flow, flight, screw, skip hoist, air Bucket elevator, continuous flow, skip hoist, air Continuous flow, gravity-discharge bucket, pivoted bucket, air Belt, flight, screw, continuous flow, gravity-discharge bucket, pivoted bucket, air Car dumper, grain-car unloader, car shaker, power shovel, air

Conveying materials up or down an incline Elevating materials Handling materials over a combination horizontal and vertical path Distributing materials to or collecting materials from bins, bunkers, etc. Removing materials from rail cars, trucks, etc.

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Conveyor selection/design
Selection of the correct conveyor for a specific bulk material in a specific situation is complicated by the large number of interrelated factors that must be considered. 1. 2. The alternatives among basic types must be weighed, and then the correct model and size must be chosen. Workability is the first criterion, but the degree of performance, perfection that can be afforded must be established. Standardized equipment designs and complete engineering data are available for many common types of conveyors, their performance can be accurately predicted when they are used with materials having well-known conveying characteristics. However, even the best conveyors can perform disappointingly if material characteristics are unfavorable. It is often true that conveyor engineering is more of an art than a science; problems involving unusual materials or equipment should be approached with caution.

Many pre-engineered conveyor components can be purchased off the shelf; they are economical and easy to assemble, and they perform well on conventional applications (for which they are designed). However, it is advisable to check with the manufacturer to be sure that the application is proper.

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Conveyor selection/design
Material characteristics Processing requirement Capacity requirement Length of travel Lift Conveyor drives Conveyor motors Comparative costs Auxiliary equipment Control of device Life expectancy
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Material characteristics
Both Chemical and Physical should be considered Physical
Lump size
Size of a large piece of something without definite shape

Bulk density Flowability (an index of the safe angle of inclination of the belt conveyor)
Measured by angle of repose and angle of surcharge, determines the cross-section of the material load which may be carried safely on a belt. The flowability is determined by characteristics such as the size and shape of the fine particles and lumps, toughness or smoothness of the surface of the material particles, proportion of fines and lumps present and moisture content of the material The roughness of a substance that causes abrasions or scratchiness Excessive breakable-ness or crumbliness

Abrasiveness Friability

Chemical

Dustiness, wetness, stickiness, temperature of bulk materials etc Effects (e.g. the effect of oil on rubber or of acids on metal) Moisture or oxidation effects from exposure to the atmosphere may be

harmful to the material being conveyed and require total enclosure of the conveyor or even an artificial atmosphere.

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Material characteristics
Size

-physical

In general, it may be assumed that larger the partial size and freer the material is from fines, the more easily the material will flow Pelleting the raw materials enhanced handling ease The larger particle size, uniformity of the particle size, and hard, smooth surface of pellets all contribute to good flow
Class A B C D E F G Description Dusty material Powdered material (fine sand) Granular material (grain) Small sized lumpy (crushed) Medium sized lumpy Large lump material Especially large lump size (stone, boulder, etc) amax Up to 0.05 0.05-0.50 0.5-10 10-60 60-200 200-500 Over 500 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

IS 8730 Classification & Codification of Bulk materials for Continuous Material Handling Equipment

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Material-flow characteristics

Mass-flow The material does not channel on discharge

Funnel-flow The material segregates & develops channel/ratholes

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Material-flow characteristics

Mass-flow The material does not channel on discharge Particles segregate, but remit on discharge Powders deaerate & do not flood when the system discharges Flow is uniform Density of flow is constants Product doesnt remain in dead zones, where degradation can occur Level indicators work reliably Bin can be designed to yield non-segregating storage, or to function as a blender

Funnel-flow The material segregates & develops channel/ratholes Particles segregate and remain segregated Product can remain in dead zones until complete cleanout of the system Product tends to bridge or arch, and then to rat-hole when discharging Flow is erratic Density can vary Level indicators must be placed in critical positions so they will work properly Bins perform satisfactorily with free-flowing, large-particle solids

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Material characteristics
Class
Surcharge angle, degree 5 Angle of Repose, degree Over 0 & up to 20

-flowability
Illustration

Flowability
Very free flowing

Material characteristics
Uniform size, very small rounded particles, either very wet or very dry, such as dry silica sand. cement, wet concrete, etc Rounded, dry polished particles, of medium weight, such as whole grain and beans Irregular, granular or lumpy materials of medium weight, such as anthracite coal, cottonseed meal, clay, etc Typical common materials, such as bituminous coal, stone, most ores, etc Irregular, stringy, fibrous, interlocking materials such a wood chips, bagasse, tempered foundry sand, etc

1 2

10

Over 20 & up to 30

Free flowing

3
4 5

20

Over 30 & up to 35

Average flowing

25

Over 35 & up to 40

Average flowing

30

Over 40

Sluggish

IS 8730 Classification & Codification of Bulk materials for Continuous Material Handling Equipment

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Material characteristics
Class Material characteristics
6 7 8 9 H I J K L M N P Q R S T U W X Y Z

-other
Limitations
---Cuts or gouges belt covers Up to 0.6 t/m3 Over 0.6 up to 1 .6 t/m3 Over 1.6 up to 2.0 t/m3 Over 2.0 up to 4.0 t/m3 ---------May affect rubber products -May be wind swept --

Descriptions
Non-abrasive Abrasive Very abrasive Very sharp Light Medium Heavy Very heavy Aerates & develops fluid (or dual operating) characteristics Contains explosive (or external) dust Sticky Contaminable affecting use or saleability Degradable, affecting use or saleability Gives off harmful fumes or dust Highly corrosive Mildly corrosive Hygroscopic Oils or chemicals present Packs under pressure Very light & fluffy (or very high flowability & dusty) Elevated temperature

Abrasiveness

Bulk density

Miscellaneous characteristics

NOTE - Sometimes more than one of these characteristics may apply.

IS 8730 Classification & Codification of Bulk materials for Continuous Material Handling Equipment

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Material characteristics
A 1 6 H MPQ
Class based on miscellaneous characteristics

Class based on bulk density

Class based on abrasiveness

Class based on flowability

Class based on lump size
Class
A B C D E F G

Description
Dusty material Powdered material (fine sand) Granular material (grain) Small sized lumpy (crushed) Medium sized lumpy Large lump material Especially large lump size (stone, boulder, etc)

amax
Up to 0.05 0.05-0.50 0.5-10 10-60 60-200 200-500 Over 500 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

Wheat
A material which is Granular, Free flowing, Non-abrasive and Sticky

C26N
IS 8730 Classification & Codification of Bulk materials for Continuous Material Handling Equipment

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Material characteristics
SN Material Average Bulk density kg/m3 240 Angle of Repose, Degree Recommended max inclination angle, Degree Code 1 Apple pomace, dry C57Y

2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9

Bagasse Barley
Barley, powdered Bran Copra, lumpy Corn, shelled Corn germ Corn grits

112-160 600-320
1920-2240 256-320 352 720 336 640-720 600-640 720-768 35 28 20 19 12 30-44 20 21 9 10

E56Y 23 10-15 B16N

B27 B36M D26 C26MW B26W D36W C26N

10 Corn meal 11 Wheat

12 Wheat flour
13 Rice, hulled or polished 14 Rice, rough 15 Rice grits 16 Soyabeans, whole

560-640
720-768 576 670-720 720-800 21-28

21
8

A56PN
B16 B26M B36

12-16

C27NW

IS 8730 Classification & Codification of Bulk materials for Continuous Material Handling Equipment

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Material characteristics
General guide of conveyor selection

Characteristics
Fine, free-flowing materials

Conveyor type
Flight, belt, oscillating or vibrating, screw

Nonabrasive and granular materials, materials with some lumps Materials difficult to handle because being hot, abrasive, lumpy, or stringy Heavy, lumpy, or abrasive materials similar to pit-run, stone, and ore

Apron, flight, belt, oscillating or vibrating, reciprocating, screw Apron, flight, belt, oscillating or of vibrating, reciprocating Apron, oscillating or vibrating, reciprocating

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Conveyor selection
Processing requirements
During processing some requirements can be met by come conveyors with little or no change in the design. For examples-

Capacity requirement

A continuous-flow conveyor may provide a desire cooling of solids simply because it puts the conveyed material into direct contact with heat-conducting metals Screen decks can be readily attached to vibrating conveyors for simple sizing and scalping operations Special flights or casings on screw conveyors are available for a wide variety of processing operations such as mixing, dewatering, heating, and cooling

Capacity: capacity per unit time or rates at which actually perform Instantaneous rate Short term rate when the equipment operates at the design rate or faster. Typical is the average weight handled over short period of time, not exceeding 5 min. Hourly rate Takes into account equipment stoppages due principally to mechanical downtime Shift rate Long term rate, reflects all causes of downtime, including idle time
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Conveyor selection
Length of travel
Limited for certain types of conveyors Belt conveyors (with high-tensile-belting) can be in km; Air conveyors are limited to 300 m (1000 ft); Vibrating conveyor, to hundreds of meter or feet. In general, as length of travel increases, the choice among alternatives becomes narrower

Lift
Usually be handled most economically by vertically or inclined bucket elevators Other conveyors should be considered when lift and horizontal travel are combined

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Conveyor selection
Conveyor drives
Speed-reduction Two-step system, in which the motor is coupled to a speed reducer and the slow-speed shaft of the reducer is connected to the conveyor-drive shaft by a V belt or a roller chain. The second reduction not only permits the use of a simpler speed reducer but also allows a more flexible layout of the motor and reducer mounting plate. On many installations this eliminates the need for a specially designed drive mount. Fixed-speed drives: Initial chosen conveyor speed does not require change during the course of normal operation. For minor speed alterations simple sheave or sprocket needed

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Conveyor motors
Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy by the interaction between the magnetic fields set up in the stator and rotor windings.
All motor types have the same four operating components: stator (stationary windings), rotor (rotating windings), bearings, and frame (enclosure).

Industrial electric motors can be broadly classified as induction motors, direct current motors or synchronous motors.
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Conveyor motors
Motors for conveyor drives are generally three-phase, 60-Hz, 220V units; 220/440-V; 550-V; four-wire, 208-V. Also common are 240and 480-V ratings. Although many adjustable-speed drives use alternating-current induction motors, powered by ac alternators or ac-driven eddy-current clutches, there is a strong preference for direct-current motors when speed adjustments are required over a wide range at extremely accurate settings. The silicon-controlled rectifier with a dc motor has become predominant in adjustable speed drives for almost all commonly used conveyors when speed adjustment to process conditions is necessary. The low cost of this control device has influenced its use when speed synchronization among conveyors is required. This can also be done, of course, by changing sheave or sprocket ratios. The squirrel-cage motor is most commonly used with belt conveyors and with drives up to 7.457 kW (10 hp); across-the-line starting is generally specified. Between 7.457 and 37.285 kW (10 and 50 hp), squirrel-cage motors are usually started by means of a manual reduced-voltage starter or a magnetic primary-resistance starter. Normal-torque motors are generally specified, with the assumption that if power is sufficient to drive the belt, sufficient starting torque can be developed.

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Induction Motors
The most commonly used prime mover for various equipments in industrial applications. The induced magnetic field of the stator winding induces a current in the rotor. This induced rotor current produces a second magnetic field, which tries to oppose the stator magnetic field, and this causes the rotor to rotate.

stator (stationary windings), rotor (rotating windings), bearings, and frame (enclosure)

The 3-phase squirrel cage motor is the workhorse of industry; it is rugged and reliable, and is by far the most common motor type used in industry. These motors drive pumps, blowers and fans, compressors, conveyers and production lines. The 3-phase induction motor has three windings each connected to a separate phase of the power supply.
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Direct-Current Motors
Direct-Current motors, as the name implies, use direct-unidirectional, current. Direct current motors are used in special applications- where high torque starting or where smooth acceleration over a broad speed range is required.

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Synchronous Motors
AC power is fed to the stator of the synchronous motor. The rotor is fed by DC from a separate source. The rotor magnetic field locks onto the stator rotating magnetic field and rotates at the same speed. The speed of the rotor is a function of the supply frequency and the number of magnetic poles in the stator. While induction motors rotate with a slip, i.e., rpm is less than the synchronous speed, the synchronous motor rotate with no slip, i.e., the RPM is same as the synchronous speed governed by supply frequency and number of poles. The slip energy is provided by the D.C. excitation power.
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Motor Selection
Torque required by the load
maximum torque generated by the motor (break-down torque) the torque requirements for start-up (locked rotor torque) and during acceleration periods

The duty / load cycle determines the thermal loading on the motor.
One consideration with totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) motors is that the cooling may be insufficient when the motor is operated at speeds below its rated value.

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Motor Selection
Ambient operating conditions affect motor choice; special motor designs are available for corrosive or dusty atmospheres, high temperatures, restricted physical space, etc. The demand a motor will place on the balance of the plant electrical system is another consideration Reliability is of prime importance Inventory is another consideration

Price is another issue

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Motor Selection
In the selection process, the power drawn at 75 % of loading can be a meaningful indicator of energy efficiency. Reactive power drawn (kVAR) by the motor. Indian Standard 325 for standard motors allows 15 % tolerance on efficiency for motors upto 50 kW rating and 10 % for motors over 50 kW rating. The Indian Standard IS 8789 addresses technical performance of Standard Motors while IS 12615 addresses the efficiency criteria of High Efficiency Motors. Both follow IEC 34-2 test methodology wherein, stray losses are assumed as 0.5 % of input power. By the IEC test method, the losses are understated and if one goes by IEEE test methodology, the motor efficiency values would be further lowered. It would be prudent for buyers to procure motors based on test certificates rather than labeled values. The energy savings by motor replacement can be worked out by the simple relation: kW savings = kW output [ 1/old - 1/ new ] where old and new are the existing and proposed motor efficiency values. The cost benefits can be worked out on the basis of premium required for high efficiency vs. worth of annual savings.

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Assignment 2
Motor efficiency vs loading
How to assess the motor loading? How to assess the efficiency of motor?

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Auxiliary equipment
Elevating conveyors must be equipped with some form of holdback or brake to prevent reversal of travel and subsequent jamming when power is unexpectedly cut off. Ratchet and wedge roller-type holdbacks are commonly used. Solenoid brakes and spring clutches may also be employed. Another problem with most conveyors is to cut out the driving force when a conveyor jams. Torque-limiting devices are often used, as are electrical controls which cut power to the drive motor. However, because of the high inertia of the motor rotor, it is sometimes desirable to eliminate the torque surge which may occur when the conveyor jams. A shear-pin hub is generally used in these cases, power being transmitted through a set of pins which are designed to shear at a fixed maximum torque. While equipment remains down until the pins can be replaced, there is an immediate disconnect between motor and conveyor which may prevent serious equipment damage. Special clutches are also used. Unless a material discharges freely, cleaners are required on belt conveyors and may be helpful on others. Common types use a rotating brush, powered from the conveyor head-pulley shaft or independently, or a spring-mounted blade. Whenever cleaners are used, provision should be made for catching and chuting the material back into the main discharge stream or to a collecting container which can be periodically emptied.
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Conveyor selection
Control of conveyors
Control has been enhanced considerably with the introduction of process-control computers and programmable controllers, which can be used to maintain rated capacities to close tolerances. This ability is especially useful if feed to the conveyor tends to be erratic. Through variable-speed drives, outputs can be adjusted automatically for changes in processing conditions. When the control devices are used in conjunction with strain-gauge or load-cell weight-sensing devices, actual discharge rates can be measured and employed in process calculations made by these devices, and out-put adjustments can be made automatically and accurately.

Life expectancy and Comparative costs

Conveyor drives may account for from 10 to 30 percent of the total cost of the conveyor system

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Conveyor selection/design
Material characteristics Processing requirement Capacity requirement Length of travel Lift Conveyor drives Conveyor motors Comparative costs Auxiliary equipment Control of device Life expectancy
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Belt conveyor

Belt conveyor
An endless fabric, rubber, plastic, leather, or metal belt operating over suitable drive, tail end and bend terminals and over belt idlers or slider bed for handling bulk materials, packages, or objects, placed directly upon it.
Belt Drive Tension and take up features Idlers Loading and discharging devices

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Belt conveyor
Flat belt Flat belt idlers
(a) Flat belt on flat-belt idlers

Flat belt Continuous plate

(b) Flat belt on continuous plate

Prevent dribbling Build up larger loads

(e) Troughed belt on 45o idlers will roll of equal length

(c) Troughed belt on 20o idlers

(f) Troughed belt on continuous plate

(d) Troughed belt on 45o idlers will roll of un-equal length

Typical belt-conveyor idler and plate-support arrangements

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Belt conveyor
Symbol A B C D (a) Typical skirt-plate design and dimensions E Name Trough width Skirt depth Skirt length Skirt-to-belt clearance Seal specification Dimension 9-40 6-12 6-8 2-5 0.25 thick, 6 x C

Heavyduty loading station Rubber idler rolls Additional short pad belt

(b) Pad belt & special roller-bearing idlers for heavy-duty loading

Belt-conveyor loading details

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Belt conveyor

Characteristics

It can travel for miles at speeds up to 5.08 m/s (1000 ft/min) and handle up to 4539 metric ton/h (5000 tons/h) It can also operate over short distances at speeds low enough for manual picking with capacity of only a few kg/h Conveyor slope are limited to a maximum of about 30o(18o 20o range most common) Direction changes can occur only in the vertical plane of the belt path Belt conveyors inside the plant may have higher initial cost than some other types of conveyors and, depending on idler design, may or may not require more maintenance. However, a belt conveyor given good routine maintenance can be expected to outlast almost any other type of conveyor. Thus, in terms of cost per ton handled, outstanding economy records have been established by belt conveyors.
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Belt conveyor design

start with a study of the material to be handled Weight per cubic meter or foot Lump size
The larger the lump, the more danger of its falling off the belt or rolling back on inclines. With the belt running horizontally or sloping only slightly at the feed point, the problem of lumps falling off is minimized, especially if particular care is taken with feed-chute design. For a 600-mm (24-in) belt, uniform lump size can range up to about 102 mm (4 in) For each 152-mm (6-in) increase in belt width, lump size can increase by about 51 mm (2 in). If material contains around 90 percent fines, lump size can be increased by around 50 percent.
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Belt conveyor design

Belt width and speed
functions of bulk density of the material and lump size.
Lowest first cost can often be obtained by using the narrowest possible belt for a given lump size and operating it at maximum speed. Speed often may be limited by dusting, and sometimes it may be better economy to use a wider belt with fewer plies to combine the necessary tensile strength with good belt troughing characteristics. Abrasiveness of the material can strongly affect speed and also lump size, for at higher speeds abrasive wear is increased and there is greater danger of lumps rolling off the belt.
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Belt conveyor design

Ideally a belt should run with lump size, slope, and load of less than recommended maximums and with uniform feed introduced to the belt centrally as nearly as possible in the direction and speed of belt travel

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Belt conveyor design

Belt material selection

Temperature and chemical activity of the conveyed material For example, natural rubber should be avoided with oily materials even when the material does not present an obviously oily surface. Special rubber, cotton, and asbestos fiber belts are available to meet varying degrees of material temperature, and they should be used whenever high temperatures exist. Belts can be seriously and quickly damaged by high temperature, and the investment in what at first glance seems to be an extremely high priced belt may prove most economical in the long run. There are many super performance elastomers available for belt construction. These include neoprene, Teflon, Buna N rubber, and vinyls. Moisture may create poor discharge conditions Manufacturers are able to test products to be handled and often recommend several elastomer grades that will perform satisfactorily, each grade having a different first-costoperating-life relation. Operating conditions
Extreme temperature and humidity or corrosive atmosphere require total enclosure of the belt Idlers with tilting stands allow material to be tipped out of the way for service while the belt is running
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Belt conveyor design

Power requirement

Belt selection depends on power and development of the required tensile strength. Knowing drive-shaft power, belt tension can be calculated and a belt selected. However, since various combinations of width and ply thickness will develop the required strength, final selection is influenced by lump size, trough ability of the belt, and ability of the belt to support the load between idlers. Thus it is necessary to use an empirical approach to arrive at a belt selection which meets all requirements.

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Belt conveyor design

Power requirement

to drive a belt conveyor is made up of five components:

power to drive the empty belt, to move the load against friction of the rotating parts, to raise or lower the load, to overcome inertia in putting material into motion, and to operate a belt-driven tripper if required.
As with most other conveyor problems, it is advisable to work with formulas and constants from a specific manufacturer in making these calculations.
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Belt length
Open length, L = D + (tan - ) (D - d) Closed length, L = (D + d) [+ (tan - )] YOU can find from (for open belts): cos = (D - d)/2C; (for closed belts) COS = (D + d)/2C

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Screw conveyor

Screw conveyor
Conveyor with a stationary trough or tube as the carrying medium, the material being moved by the action of a rotating helix.

Full bladed screw conveyor

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Screw conveyor

(a) Solid, continuous

(b) Ribbon

(c) Paddle-flight

(d) Cut-flight

Types of screw
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Screw conveyorSystem components

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Screw conveyor
Hollow shaft Spiral turns Bushings Bolts Pins

Feed arrangements for screw-conveyor Discharge arrangements for screw-conveyor

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Screw conveyor
Uniform feed rate, controlled by preceding equipment (a) Plain spouts of chutes Enclosed dust tight, quick acting valve for free flowing material Uniform predetermine volume of material Driven from the screw or independent by constant/variable drive speed

(b) Rotary cutoff valve Well suited to free flowing materials in bins, hoppers, tanks or silos

(c) Rotary-vane feeder Side inlet gate for heavy/lumpy materials

(e) Side inlet gate (d) Bin gate

Feed arrangements for screw-conveyor

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Screw conveyor
(a) Plain discharge opening (b) Discharge spout (c) Open-end trough

(d) Discharge trough end

(e) Hand slide gate for selective discharge

(f) Rack & pinion flat slide gate for selective discharge

(g) Open-bottom trough Uniformly spreading material

(h) Rack & pinion curved slide gate for perishable materials Eliminates the dead-storage pockets

(i) Rotary cutoff valve for Quick shutoff Readily adaptable to remote control

for Dust-tight operation (j) Enclosed rack & pinion gate

Discharge arrangements for screw-conveyor

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Screw conveyor
i.

Power requirement

Power requirement is made up two components:

Power necessary to drive the screw empty

function of conveyor length, speed of rotation and friction of conveyor bearings,

ii. Necessary to move the material

function of total weight of material conveyed per unit of time, conveyor length and depth to which trough is loaded. As with most other conveyor problems, it is advisable to work with formulas and constants from a specific manufacturer in making these calculations.
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