CHAPTER 5

MOTION

5.1 ANALYSING THE MOTION OF VEHICLES ON LAND

 Vehicles can be either engined powered or engineless. Most engine-powered vehicles used gasoline or diesel. Engineless vehicles are powered by the muscles of human and animal

1. Vehicles without engine

Bicycles
Two-wheeled vehicles A rider powers the bicycles by pushing two pedals around in a circle. When the rider pedals, the crank turns. The crank has sprockets or chainwheel

 A chain fits around the chainwheels and extends to a smaller sprocket a hub, on the rear wheel As the chainring turns, it moves the chain, the moving chain turns the hub which then turns a rear wheel. This action gives the bicycles a forward motion. The rider uses the handlebar to steer the bicycle , and brake to stop it.

2. Vehicles with engines

Most engine-powered vehicles have frontmounted, gasoline-burning engine and front wheel drive. The typical engine is an internalcombustion engine, which works by burning a mixture of gasoline and air inside closed cylinders.

 When the cars ignition is turn, electric current from the battery causes the starting motor to crank the engine. Piston move up and down inside the engines cylinders and produce powers. Power travels from the crankshaft to the transmission and finally, to the front wheels. This action gives the vehicles a forward motion.

Types of engine
The heart of an engine powered vehicles is the engine itself. It produces the power that turn the wheels. 3 types of engine; 1. Four-stroke petrol engine 2. Four-stroke diesel engine 3. Two-stroke petrol engine

1. Four-stroke engine
Most cars have a petrol engine which operate on a four-stroke cycle.
1. 2. 3. 4. Intake stroke Compression stroke Power stroke Exhaust stroke

1. Intake stroke
The piston moves down the cylinder and draws in a mixture of air and fuels as the intake valve is open

2. Compression stroke
The intake valve closes. The piston goes up the cylinder, compressing fuel and air mixture. This heats the mixture and spark plug ignites

3.Power stroke
Spark from the spark plug ignites the fuel The fuel burns and produces hot gases. The hot gases expand and force piston downwards

4. Exhaust stroke
The exhaust valve open. The piston rises again, pushing out waste gases through the exhaust valve

2. Four-stroke diesel engine

Diesel fuel is used mainly by larger vehicle A diesel engine is a compression ignition engine The way the four-stroke diesel engine works is different from the four-stroke petrol engine.

1. Intake stroke
The piston moves down the cylinder and draws in air as intake valve open

2. Compression stroke
The intake valve closes. The piston goes up the cylinder, compressing the air. This heats the air to a high temperature

3. Power stroke
Diesel fuel is forced into the cylinder where it is so hot that fuel burns without a spark

4. Exhaust stroke
The exhaust valve opens The piston moves up, pushing out waste gases through the exhaust valve

Two stroke petrol engine

Commonly found in lower-powered application such as lawn mowers. Does not have valves. The complete cycle takes only one upstroke and one downstroke of piston.

1. First stroke
The piston moves up compress the petrol-air mixture in the cylinder At the same time the fuel mixture fills up the crankshaft space through the inlet port. During compression, the fuel mixture in the cylinder is lit up by spark plug Hot gas produced expands and pushes the piston downwards, thus turning the crankshaft

2. Second stroke
The piston moves downwards. The exhaust port open to release exhaust gas At the same time, fuel mixture gets into the cylinder through transfer port. First stroke repeat

Relationship between the structure and operation of the engine and the movement of vehicles.
the energy produced by an engine is transferred to the wheel through the energy transmission system to enable the vehicle to move.

 The energy transmission system is made up of: 1. A clutch

Separates the engine from the gear box Normally contain five gears that control the cars speed a gear reverse Connect the crankshaft to the drive shaft Connected to driveshaft Connected to the crankshaft when gear is in use, through the gear wheel in the gear box

2. Gear box

3. Axle

4. Driveshaft

1. When the engine is on, the piston turns the crankshaft. 2. The turning crankshaft causes the driveshaft to turn 3. The driveshaft turn the wheel axle 4. The axle turns the wheel to make the car move

Test your understanding

1. What is the difference between vehicle with engines and vehicles without engines? 2. Describe the operation of the four-stroke petrol engine and four-stroke diesel engine? 3. Describe the operation of two-stroke petrol engine. 4. What is the major difference between the four-stroke petrol engine and two-stroke petrol engine?

5.2 SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Distance Total path length traveled from one location to another Unit in meter (m) Speed A measure of how fast an object moves. Distance travelled per unit of time Unit in meter per second(m/s)

Speed = distance (meter) time (second ) Example. Distance = 10 meter Time = 2 second Speed = 10m/2s = 5m/s

Exercise
A toy car has gone 20 meters in 4 second. What is the average speed of the toy car?

Answer
Distance = 20 m Time = 4 s Speed = 20/4 = 5m/s

Velocity The measure of distance travelled in a given time in a particular direction

Acceleration The rate of change in velocity per unit of time. Measured in metre persecond per second(m/s2)

 Acceleration occurs when a vehicle starts to move from its stationary position or when velocity increase Decelaration occurs when velocity decrease.

Acceleration= change in velocity time taken = final velocity-initial velocity time taken Example Initial velocity= 0m/s Final velocity = 9m/s Time taken = 3s Acceleration = 9m/s-om/s 3s = 3m/s2

Exercise
1. A racing car accelerates from rest to 28m/s in 5 seconds. Find the average acceleration in m/s2 2. A car is moving at the velocity of 30m/s. The driver brakes and the car stops within 6 second. What is the acceleration of the car?

Answer
1. Initial velocity = 0ms final velocity =28ms time =5s acceleration =(28ms 0ms)/5s =5.6ms2

Answer
2. Initial velocity = 0m/s Final velocity =30m/s Time taken =6s Acceleration =(30m/s-0m/s)/6s =5ms2

Ticker timer
A device used to measure time, distance, speed and acceleration of an object in the laboratory. Has a frequency of 50 Hz, it makes 50 tick in a second. Therefore the ticker timer makes a tick at 0.02 second (0.02s) Object moves in uniform velocity has the same distance between the ticks. If the ticks are farther apart, the objects velocity is high and if the ticks are close to one another, it shows low velocity.

1 tick

A ticker timer makes 50 ticks in a second. Therefore, the time taken to make 1 tick =1/50 =0.02s

 Example A trolley makes the following ticks. Calculate the velocity of the trolley.

0.14 m

Time for 1 tick = 1/50 = 0.02s Time for 10 ticks= 0.02 x 10 = 0.2s Velocity = distance time = 0.14m/0.2s = 0.7m/s

 Example A trolley makes the following ticks. Calculate the velocity of the trolley.

2.14 m

Time for 1 tick = 1/50 = 0.02s Time for 10 ticks= 0.02 x 10 = 0.2s Velocity = distance time = 2.14m/0.2s = 10.7m/s

Test your understanding

1. Define speed. What is its unit of measurement? Definisikan Kelajuan. Apakah unit ukurannya? 2. What is the difference between speed and velocity? Apakah perbezaan di antara kelajuan dan halaju? 3. Define acceleration. What is its unit of measurement? Definisikan Pecutan. Apakah unit ukurannya? 4. A boy skates 2 m/s2. Explain what that means. Seorang budak lelaki bermain papan luncir dengan halaju 2m/s2. Terangkan maksudnya.

5.3 INERTIA

Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist any changes in its motion An object at rest remain at rest or an object in motion continues to move unless acted upon by an external force. This tendency is due to the weight of the object.

 The greater the weight of an object, the more inertia it has. Heavy object are harder to move than light ones because they have more inertia.

 Inertia can either has negative effects that may cause injury or the positive effects that may be useful. Knowledge about the negative effects of inertia has enabled us to design safety features used in vehicles to reduce the risk of injuries due to accidents. Example; safety belt, air bag and bumper.

Test your understanding

1. What is inertia? 2. What is the relationship between mass and inertia? 3. What are the safety features used in vehicles to reduce negative effects of inertia?

5.4 MOMENTUM

 Moving objects keep on moving because they have momentum Defined as the product of mass and velocity of a moving object Momentum is the multiplication of an object mass with its velocity.

Momentum = Mass X Velocity

Momentum, mass and velocity

Example, 1.Mass = 2.5 kg Velocity = 4 m/s = 2.5kg X 4m/s = 10kg/ms 2. Mass = 5.0 kg Velocity = 4 m/s Momentum = 5.0kg X 4 m/s = 20 kgm/s * The greater the mass of an object the greater is its momentum

Momentum, mass and velocity

Example 1. Mass = 2.5 kg Velocity = 4 m/s momentum = 2.5kg X 4 m/s = 10kgm/s 2. Mass = 2.5kg velocity = 8 m/s momentum = 2.5kg X 8m/s = 20kgm/s * The greater the velocity of an object, the greater is its momentum

Conservation of momentum
State that the total amount of momentum before a collision equals the total amount of momentum after collision. The law of conservation of momentum: The total of momentum before collision = the total amount of momentum after collision

 Formulae: m1u1 + m2u2 =(m1 + m2)v where: m1 - mass object A u1 - velocity object A m2 - mass object B u2 - velocity object B v - velocity object A and B after collision

Example
1.5kg Ball A is moving at velocity 2m/s collide with 0.5kg Ball B that not moving. After the collision Ball A and Ball B move together. a. Calculate the momentum before the collision. b. Calculate the momentum after the collision c. Calculate the final velocity after the collision.

Ball A 1.5 kg 2 m/s

Ball B 0.5 kg

Ball A

Ball B

Answer
a. Momentum before collision: = momentum Ball A + momentum Ball B = (1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s) = 3 kg m/s b. Momentum after collision: The law of conservation of momentum: The total of momentum before collision = the total amount of momentum after collision Momentum after collision = 3kg m/s

c. final velocity after the collision: m1u1 + m2u2 =(m1 + m2)v [(1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s)] = (1.5 kg + 0.5 kg )v v = [(1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s)]/ (1.5 kg + 0.5 kg ) = 1.5 m/s2

Exercise
Trolley A weighing 1.5 kg moves at velocity 2 m/s collided with trolley B weighing 1.2 kg that not moving. After the collision trolley A and B move together. a. Calculate the momentum before the collision. b. Calculate the momentum after the collision c. Calculate the final velocity after the collision.

Answer
a. Momentum before collision: = momentum trolley A + momentum trolley B = (1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s) = 3 kg m/s b. Momentum after collision: The law of conservation of momentum: The total of momentum before collision = the total amount of momentum after collision Momentum after collision = 3kg m/s

c. final velocity after the collision: m1u1 + m2u2 =(m1 + m2)v [(1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s)] = (1.5 kg + 0.5 kg )v v = [(1.5 kg X 2 m/s) + (0.5 kg X 0 m/s)]/ (1.5 kg + 0.5 kg ) = 1.5 m/s2

Application of momentum in everyday life

Force is defined as the rate of momentum change Force = change in momentum time

Big change in momentum will produce big force Big force can cause damage to vehicles that lead to injury to the passenger If time of collision is prolonged, the force produced is small

Safety measures in the design of a vehicle

Front and rear part of the car easily crushed to prolong the time of collision and absorbed the momentum of the car Soft dash board to absorbed the force impact on driver in a collision The engine is likely to move below the passenger area during an accident

Test your understanding

1. What is momentum? 2. Calculate the momentum of 20 kg shopping cart moving at a velocity of 2 m/s west. 3. What is the relationship between momentum, mass and velocity? 4. State the principle of conservation of momentum.

5.5 PRESSURE

Pressure
The force that acts on a unit of surface area. Unit of pressure is newton per square metre (Nm-2) Influence by;
1. A force that acts 2. The surface area acted upon

*The larger the force that acts, the larger the pressure produced * * The smaller the surface area acted upon, the larger the pressure produced *

Steps to solved problems

1. Write the formulae 2. Replace the values given in the formulae and solve the problem Example; 1. Calculate the amount of pressure exerted on a cube with a surface area of 0.25cm2 if a force as large as 20 N is used

Example
1. Write the formulae Pressure = force area 2. Replace values force = 20 N Area = 0.25cm2= 25 X 10-5m2 Pressure = 20 N/ 25 X 10-5m2 = 8.0 X 10-5 Nm2

Exercise
1. A force of 25 N is applied to an area with the surface surface area of 5cm2. What is the force produced?

Applying the concept of pressure and its relationship with force and surface area in everyday life.

 We feel comfortable to carry a heavy bag with a wider shoulder strap compare to a bag with a narrower strap. The pressure exerted to your shoulder by heavy bag is less if the shoulder strap is wide. The wide shoulder strap has larger surface area.

 A sharp knife cuts well because the blade exerts pressure over a tiny area. A large tyre helps to spread the weight of the vehicle over much bigger area. This reduces the pressure on the ground and stops the vehicle from sinking into the mud.

Test your understanding

1. Define pressure. 2. Explain the relationship between pressure, force and surface area. 3. Explain with examples the application of pressure in everyday life.

5.6 THE PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IN EVERYDAY LIFE

The hydraulic principle is used in hydraulic jack, hydraulic pressure and hydraulic brakes Example;
1. A car jack is used to raise the car 2. A bulldozer is used to push soil 3. A forklift is used to carry things

THE PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Liquid cannot be compressed. If press one part of the liquid, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions This is known as the principle of transmission in liquid or PASCALS PRINCIPLE.

Principle of operation of a hydraulic system

In hydraulic system, the force that acts on a small piston is transmitted to the liquid to large piston to press or lift a larger weight. The liquid used in a hydraulic system is oil. Water is not suitable because it will produce bubble, hence the transmission of pressure will not be uniform.

Force F2

Force F1

Cross sectional area A2

Cross sectional area A1

Hydraulic jack
Used to lift huge loads using a small force

The operation of hydraulic jack

1. when the small piston is pulled upwards, liquid is sucked from the reservoir through valve X that is opened 2. at the same time valve Y will closed 3. The small piston is then pressed downwards to produce a pressure which is then transferred to the big piston

The operation of hydraulic jack

3. During the same time, valve X closed while valve Y opens 4. When the load needs to be taken down, the released valve is opened so the liquid flows back into the reservoir and the big piston will come down.

Hydraulic brakes
Used in vehicles The hydraulic system produced great force to slow down or stop the wheels from moving Two types of brakes in vehicles 1. Disc brake 2. Drum brakes Disc brake is used at the front wheel while the drum brake is used at the back wheel of a vehicle

Operation of a hydraulic brakes

1. When the brake is stepped on, the master cylinder piston is pushed. 2. The pressure produced is transferred through the brake oil to the small cylinder at every vehicle tyre 3. At the front wheel, the small piston pushes the brake pads which will press onto the disc that turns along with the wheel 4. The front wheel movement is slowed down and stopped

5. At the back wheel the small piston pushes the brake shoe outwards, which will press onto the brake drum 6. The back wheel rotation is slowed down and stopped

Test your understanding

1. State the principle of transmission of pressure in liquid. 2. A girl pushes and input piston using a force 5N in a hydraulic system. If the output piston is 5 times larger, what is the total force exerted on it? 3. List down three uses of hydraulic system in our daily lives.

5.7 THE MOTION OF VEHICLES IN WATER

 Two types of vehicles in water; 1. Water vehicles without engine such as sail boat and sampan 2. Water vehicles with engine such as ships, ferries motor boats and submarines.

All vehicles on water operate on the principle of conservation of momentum

1. Water is pushed backwards whether by using human energy like rowing or engine power 2. A backward momentum is produced 3. A forward momentum with the same magnitude as the backward momentum is produced 4. The thrust produced enables the water vehicles to move forward

Suitable shape for movement in water

Object that moves in water experience friction or water resistance The water resistance acts from the opposite direction of the moving object, thus slow down the movement of the object Streamlined shapes are the basic in designing vehicles in water the bow or front of almost all vehicles in water is V-shaped and curved Streamlined shape can reduced the water resistance

Archimedes principle
An object in fluid will experienced weight loss, you feel lighter when you are in a swimming pool. The weight loss is due to the upthrust that acts upwards and acts in the opposite direction of the gravity force which is caused by the objects weight.

Archimedes principle
When an object is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it experiences a bouyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

upthrust

Causes weight loss in object in fluid

water
object

Caused by gravitational force

weight apparent weight loss = upthrust = fluid weight that is displaced

Floating force
The weight of the liquid displaced by a floating object is equivalent to the weight of the object Can be used to explain the floatation of an object in water. If the weight of the object is equal to the upthrust, the object will float on water If the weight of the object ia greater than the upthrust of a liquid, the object will sink in the liquid.

Application of archimedes principle in our daily lives

1. Ships have wide space to displace a huge volume of seawater. The upthrust produced is the same as the weight of the ship. The balance that exist between the upthrust and the weight of the ship enables it to float on the surface of the sea The plimsoll line mark at the side of the ship indicates safe water level or depth for the purpose of ship loading at various sea ports.

2. Submarine
Submarine can float or sink in water Have special tank call balast tank When water is pumped into the balast tank, the weight of the submarine will exceed its upthrust and cause the submarine to sink in the water When water is pumped out from the balast tank, the upthrust will overcome the weight of the submarine,it moves upward until the upthrust is equal to the weight of the submarine. This cause the submarine to float.

Test your understanding

1. What is the principle of operation of vehicles in water? 2. How do shapes help in the movement of vehicles in water? 3. What is Archimedes principle?

5.8 THE MOTION OF VEHICLES IN THE AIR

All vehicles in the air have engines and propellers that enable them to move in the air Principle of the motion of aircraft
There are four types of force that act during the flight of an aircraft;
I. lift force II. Thrust III. Drag force IV. Gravitational force ( weight)

Four force that influence the flight of an aircraft

 An aircraft can fly in the air when; The lift force overcomes the gravitational force The forward thrust overcome the drag force. The force that enable an aircraft to fly are the lift force and the thrust The lift force lift the vehicles and keeps them in the air The thrust moves the vehicles forward

The principle of the motion of helicopter

Helicopter rotors are able to change the angles. Therefore , the helicopter are able to move up, move down or remain in the air. A helicopter generates lift using a huge overhead rotor. The rotor has several aerofoil-shaped blades. As the blades spin, they generate lift that overcomes the helicopters weight and lift the helicopter into the air The tail rotor functions to;
I. Stabilise the helicopter during its flight II. Turn the helicopter to the left or right

 An aircraft has four jet engines The fuel used by a jet engine is kerosene or paraffin Every jet engine produces thrust that pushes the aircraft forward. Jet engine obtains oxygen supply from the air.

Jet engine

Jet engine

Operation principle of a jet engine

1. Air is absorbed and compressed and pushed into the combustion chamber 2. Compressed air mixes with fuel injection and burns 3. Hot gas is released from the back of the engine at a very high speed 4. The backward momentum produces a thrust that pushes the aircraft forward

Rocket engine
Brings its own oxygen supply Rockets has 2 tanks
A tank for liquid oxygen A tank for fuel which is liquid nitrogen

The higher the rocket goes, the greater its acceleration. This is because a lot of fuel and oxygen are used for combustion The decreasing of mass of the rocket increases its acceleration

Operation principle of a rocket engine

1. Hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen are pumped into the combustion chamber. 2. Fuel burns and hot gas spurs out from the back of the rocket at a very high speed. 3. The spurt momentum of exhaust gas downwards produces a strong thrust that pushes the rocket upwards.

Comparison between a jet engine and a rocket engine

Similarities
Moves according to the principle of conservation of momentum Hot gases is pushed backward while the vehicle is pushed forward providing the thrust

Differences
Rocket engine Jet engine

Carry their own oxygen Can travel into outer space

Get oxygen from surrounding air

Cannot travel into outer space because they need surrounding oxygen for combustion

Gain thrust by Gain thrust by combustion of fuel compressing and pushing surrounding and liquid oxygen
air using turbines

Bernoulis principle
Bernoulis principle states that pressure in moving fluid is less than the pressure in a stationary fluid The pressure in fluid depends on the speed of the movement of fluid. The faster the fluid moves, the lower the pressure produced. When a fluid flows through a narrow area, the speed of the fluid flow increase, thus reducing the pressure.(72a&72b)

Application of Bernoulis principle

Wings of aircraft have an aerofoil shape The flow of air is faster at the top than that at the bottom of the aerofoil. According to Bernoullis principle, the top part of an aerofoil will have low pressure where the air flow is faster. At the bottom of the aerofoil where air flow is slower, the pressure is higher. The difference in pressure at the top and bottom of the wing will produced a lift force and the aircraft is pushed upwards.(73a&73b)

Test your understanding

1. What is Archimedes principle? 2. A rocket can fly into outer space while a jet cannot. Why? 3. State the Bernoulis principle. 4. Why do gliders need to have aerofoil shape?

5.9 APPRECIATING THE ABILITY AND CREATIVITY OF MANKIND IN INVENTING AND DESIGNING VEHICLES FOR THE BETTERMENT OF LIFE

Practice good habits in handling vehicles

Vehicles have been designed with all features that suit our needs, including;
Better performance engine Highly durable body Equiped with more safety equipment Improved breaking system

Need practice good habits in handling the vehicles such wearing proper attire (eg. Wear light coloured shirt when riding a bicycle or a motorbike) The need to practice good habits in handling vehicles are to avoid accident.

Practice caring attitudes when using public transport system

Show caring attitudes by allowing pregnant mothers, women carrying babies, senior citizens and handicapped people to board the public transport first.