HOW TO MAKE A SPEECH

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INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH
2 MOST COMMON KINDS OF SPEECH: 1. INFORMATIVE SPEECH:

- to provide or to inform information. - This information can be about an object, a process, an event or a concept.
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INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH
2. PERSUASIVE SPEECH: to persuade others to take some actions. The most common types of persuasive speech are problem-(cause)-solution speech, and the persuasive speech in which the speaker takes a position/side in an issue and persuade others to agree with him/her (persuasive speech - for short)

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HOW TO MAKE A SPEECH

10 STEPS TO MAKE A SPEECH:

1.Choosing and narrowing down a topic 2. Developing your thesis statement 3. Analyzing your audience 4. Doing the research 5. Deciding on an organizational pattern 6. Developing main ideas 7. Preparing an introduction and conclusion 8. Wording your speech 9. Preparing notes and visual aids 10. Delivery
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1.CHOOSING AND NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC

- Choose a topic that: + you are interested in or you want to know more about + you know a lot about + your audience are interested in
- Narrow down the topic: + consider the time of the speech to decide how long the speech should be + choose an aspect or a field of the topic that can be developed within the alloted time of delivery.
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2. DEVELOPING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT - Determine a purpose and central idea for your speech - Write the thesis statement for your speech - Make it clear, concise, and easy to remember for your audience - State it clearly in your speech.

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3. ANALYSING YOUR AUDIENCE

- Know about your audience: ethnic background, age range, family size, majors, jobs, hobbies, likes and dislikes, beliefs, involvement in extracurricular activities, their attitudes and opinions about a particular issue, what they are intereted in talking about in a speaking class, how much they know about the topic, what they want to know etc. - To be more confident in delivering a speech - To choose appropriate language and methods to deliver the speech
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4. DOING RESEARCH

Information for the speech can be sought: - Use your own experience and knowledge - Do library research - Search on the Internet - Interviews Doing research helps you to have facts, examples, illustrations for evidence, based on this you can develop your arguments.
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5. DECIDING ON AN ORGANIATIONAL PATTERN

Some common patterns:

Chronological: from time to time Spatial: from place to place Topical: from topic/subdivision to topic/subdivision Problem-(cause)-solution Cause effect
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6. DEVELOPING MAIN IDEAS

Based on the organizational pattern and the information from the research, outline your speech. - Determine the main points - Develop the main points using arguments, facts, examples, illustrations or evidence.
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7. PREPARING AN INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

- Introduction:
Get the attention and interest your audience Ways to introduce a speech: + tell a story + share a personal experience + use humour + use an appropriate quotation + refer to the audience or the occasion + ask a question State your topic and purpose (thesis statement) Preview your speech (optional) Give instructions about questions (optional)
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7. PREPARING AN INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSION

- Conclusion Recap Stress / emphasize your central idea in a memorable way Invite questions (it depends)

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8. WORDING YOUR SPEECH - Use spoken, conversational language to be understood. - Use clear and straight-to-the-fact language - Use appropriate, familiar and concrete language - Use transitional expressions and signals

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9. PREPARING NOTES AND VISUAL AIDS

Notes: Size: small enough Letters: large enough One-sided, limited, arranged, numbered, held and moved carefully.

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9. PREPARING NOTES AND VISUAL AIDS

Visual aids: Any kinds: - Charts, graph - Large posters, ppt files to be used with projector. - Draw on the chalkboard Relevant Large enough Can be operated with equipment Neat and attractive but not too attractive
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10. DELIVERY
2 components of a presentation:

-What to say (the content) - How to say (the delivery): + Physical elements: posture, gestures, eye contact, voice control (volume, rate), and comprehensibility. + Speaking dynamics: vitality, confidence, spontaneity, use of humour, and interaction with the audience.
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10. DELIVERY
REDUCING NERVOUSNESS:

- Being REALLY well-prepared - Focus on THE MESSAGE YOU WANT TO DELIVER, not on the fact that you are speaking in front of a large audience looking at you. - Remember that your classmates are likely to be SUPPORTIVE than critical.

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10. DELIVERY
POSTURE:

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10. DELIVERY
VITALITY: - A combination of liveliness and enthusiasm. - Be interested in and enthusiastic about the topic. - If not, your speech delivery will probably be affected. SPONTANEITY: - Speaking in a natural manner rather than repeating previously planned exact words => make up the actual sentences as you speak. SENSE OF HUMOUR: - Establish a bond between you and the audience. - Try out your humourous remarks in your speech.
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10. DELIVERY
MOVEMENT:

-A few steps forward or to one side to emphasize - Not rock back and forth, shift from one foot to the other, and wandering aimlessly => distracting

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10. DELIVERY
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND GESTURES EYE CONTACT:

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10. DELIVERY
VOICE CONTROL: -RATE: Speed You will be easy to understand. - FLUENCY: Speaking smoothly with as few hesitations as possible. => Use less fillers like mm er ah OK you know ; Use proper pauses, phrase grouping, and emphasis. -VOLUME: Loudness or Softness. => Adjust your voice according to the situation. - INTONATION: variations in pitch of words and syllables.

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10. DELIVERY

COMPREHENSIBILITY: - How well your audience can understand what you are saying. - It depends on: your rate, fluency, volume, intonation; your pronunciation. => Check the pronunciation of any words that you are not familiar with.

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ASSIGNEMENT 1:

GATHERING AND REPORTING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR CLASSMATES

GATHERING INFORMATION
-Work in your group -Each group has to brainstorm a set questions to ask your classmates in order to find out some information about them, your future audience. -Each member of the group is in charge of a number of questions. He/She has to ask every member of the class those questions, take notes, and prepare a summary of the findings to report later. Page 24