Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Overview
Introduction

Logic Gates
Flip Flops Registers Counters Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer

Decoder/ Encoder

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Introduction
Digital Computer A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next Binary digits The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits. A binary digit is called a bit
RAM CPU I/P Device IOP O/P Device

Block diagram of a digital computer

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Logic Gates
Name
A

Symbol
X B A X B

Function
X=AB or X = AB

Truth Table
A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 A1 0 1 A 0 1 A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 X 0 0 0 1 X 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 X 0 1 X 1 1 1 0 X 1 0 0 0 X 0 1 1 0 X 1 0 0 1

AND
OR I

X=A+B

X=A

Buffer
NAND NOR XOR
Exclusive OR

A
A

X=A

X B A

X = (AB)

X
B

X = (A + B) X=AB or X = AB + AB
X = (A B) or X = AB+ AB

A
X B A X B

Exclusive NOR or Equivalence

XNOR

CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture

Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Flip Flops
Characteristics - 2 stable states - Memory capability - Operation is specified by a Characteristic Table

The Storage elements employed in clocked sequential circuits, capable of storing one bit of information, are called Flip Flops
The most common types of flip flops are SR (Set Reset) D (Data) JK T (Toggle)

CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture

Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Clocked Flip Flops

In a large digital system with many flip flops, operations of individual flip flops are required to be synchronized to a clock pulse. Otherwise, the operations of the system may be unpredictable.
Clock pulse allows the flip flop to change state only when there is a clock pulse appearing at the c terminal (as shown in fig).
S c R Q Q S c Q

operates when clock is high

operates when clock is low

Edge Triggered Flip Flops

State transition occurs at the rising edge or falling edge of the clock pulse
CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Flip Flops
Flip Flop SR (Set Reset) GraphicalSymbol Characteristic Table

S c

S 0 0 1 1

R Q(t+1) 0 Q(t) 1 0 0 1 1 indeterminate (forbidden)

D (Data) D Q C Q`

D 0 1

Q(t+1) 0 1

CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture

Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT

Review of Basics of Digital Electronics

Lecture 1

Flip Flops
Flip Flop J-K J J Q Q C c K Q'Q R S R Q(t+1) J K 0 0 Q(t) 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 indeterminate Q(t) (forbidden) GraphicalSymbol Characteristic Table

T (Toggle) T c Q

T 0 1

Q(t+1) Q(t) Q(t)

CSE 211, Computer Organization and Architecture

Harjeet Kaur, CSE/IT