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Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation
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Verb
= words or phrases indicating an action, an event, or a state E.g.: kiss, break out, have
Complementation
Structure
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Regular
Irregular
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
include: do, have, be change meaning when becoming a full verb E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading.
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
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Verbs
Lexical verbs
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Verbs
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
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Verbs
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs E.g.: be, appear, feel, look, remain, seem E.g.: become, get, go, grow, turn, make
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: I feel tired. Hes in the cab.
Resulting copular
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Verbs
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Intensive verbs
Extensive verbs
Transitive
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Verbs
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Complex-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi) have the pattern: SVOiOd E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
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Verbs
require Object and Object Complement Intensive verbs (Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli)) have the pattern: Mono-transitive SVOCo or SVOA(obli) E.g.: He made me really crazy. He sent his son to the kindergarten.
Complex-transitive
Extensive verbs
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
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Verbs
Stative verbs
Dynamic verbs
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Verbs
Stative verbs
= verbs that show the condition or status and do not accept the progressive aspect E.g.: I am a boy. It feels thin.
Relational verbs
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Verbs
Stative verbs
adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear, Relational verbs impress, know, like, etc. E.g.: I like you He said he hated cooking.
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Verbs
Stative verbs
apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess, Verbs of inert perception & recognition sound, tend, etc. E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs
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Verbs
= verbs that show the action or the change of status E.g.: She learns English. He hit me. She is English. ( is isnt dynamic verb because it denotes a permanent status)
Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activity verbs Transitional event verbs Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Activities verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc. Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs
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Verbs
Process verbs
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Verbs
Dynamic verbs Verbs of body sensation Activities verbs Transitional event verbs
Process verbs
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One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Finite
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Verbs
One-word verbs
as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE WORD E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
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Verbs
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Verbs
make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc. verbs Prepositional
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs
Multi-word verbs Phrasal verbs Prepositional verbs Phrasal-prepositional look up, clear up, get at, etc. verbs
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Verbs
come up with, make up for, stand in for, Prepositional put up with, verbs etc.
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs
One-word verbs
Multi-word verbs
Occurrence in independent clause Tense contrast Person and number concord Finite verb inclusion Mood distinction
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Indicative Perfective
Active
Past
Perfectiveprogressive Simple
Imperative
Passive
Subjunctive
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Tense
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Aspect
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Aspect
Simple
Complex
Progressive
Present simple Present progressive
Perfective
Present perfect
Perfect progressive
Present perfect progressive
Past
Past simple
Past progressive
Past perfect
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Mood
Indicative
Imperative
Be nice to me.
(command - imperative) I suggest she be nice to me. (non-fact - subjunctive)
Subjunctive
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in -that clause (verbs: recommend, demand, request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that) Form: the base Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his chicken. It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Found in clause in certain set expressions Form: the base E.g.: May god bless you. Long live the King. God save the Queen. Come what may, well go ahead.
Subjunctive were
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive were
Found in conditional & concessive clauses, subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose Form: WERE Meaning: hypothetical/unreal E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
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Voice
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
C (complement)
A (adverbial)
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal clause
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
A (adverbial)
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
that clause E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot. A (adverbial) wh-interrogative clause E.g.: The problem is not who will go. nominal relative clause E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause Nominal clause non-finite clause
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Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
bare-infinitive clause A (adverbial) E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head. to-infinitive clause with(out) Subject (S) E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S) The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S) -ing clause finite clause E.g.: Seeing is believing.
non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation (SVO)
Noun phrase
Finite clause
Non-finite clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
Without passive
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question. Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
E.g.: phrasal She has a nice house. verbs A house is had by her.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
air fares.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Prepositional O
Prepositional verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
Extraposed subject E.g.: I dont care what you are saying. that-clause
Wh- clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive Hypothesis
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Major
Factual
introduce what one might generally describe Suasive information as factual or propositional E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was Emotive misled.
Minor
Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive imply intentions to bring about some change in the future, whether or not these are verbally Hypothesis suggestions, etc Minor as commands, formulated E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
Subordinate verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs
Suasive E.g.: I regret that she worry. Emotive Hypothesis
Major
Factual
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object
Suasive
Major
Factual
Super-ordinate verbs
Emotive E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Hypothesis
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause
That- clause as object Super-ordinate verbs Putative should Indicative verbs
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
E.g.: Iclause dont like the house to be left empty. Ing-participle Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause E.g.: I dislike him driving my car. Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject
To-infinitive clause
Without subject
To-infinitive clause
Wh-infinitive clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause
Ing-participle clause
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Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
how to sail a boat as a small child. To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned To-infinitive clause
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.
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Di-transitive complementation
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Di-transitive complementation
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Di-transitive complementation
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Di-transitive complementation
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Di-transitive complementation
verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions Od & Oi = NP two passive forms of the sentence these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take Oi account = NP, Odof, = non-finite give wayclause to, etc. E.g.: They make best use of the garage. The garage made best use of. Oi = NP, Od = finiteis clause Best use is made of the garage.
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Di-transitive complementation
Od introduced by a preposition Od & Oi = NP one passive form with Oi only these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to, Oi rob = NP, Od = non-finite of, refer to, etc. clause E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement. I am reminded of the agreement. Oi = NP, Od = finite clause Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc. E.g.: He explained it to me. It was explained me. Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to + Prep I was explained about it.
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
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Complex-transitive complementation
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Complex-transitive complementation
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Complex-transitive complementation
Adverbials
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Complex-transitive complementation
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Complex-transitive complementation
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Complex-transitive complementation
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
Ing-clause
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Complex-transitive complementation
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Complex-transitive complementation