By Faculty of Agrotechnology and Food Science, UMT - Malaysia

H.M. Edi Armanto and Swaditya Rizki

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Experimental Classification Assumptions CRD (2 Slides) Field Layout (4 Slides) The Linear Model Hypothesis One-Way-ANOVA (3 Slides) Post Hoc Test Example 1: Diet Medicines Example 2: Pesticide Formulas

Single Factor Experiment (One way ANOVA):

1)

Two or More Factor Experiment (Two ways ANOVA):

1) 2)

2)

3)

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) Latin Square Design (LS)

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Factorial Experiment in CRD Factorial Experiment in RCBD Factorial Experiment in LS Split Plot Design (SPD) Strip Block Design (SBD)

1. Randomness & Independence of Errors

Independent random samples are drawn for each

condition

2. Normality
Populations (for each condition) are Normally Distributed

3. Homogeneity of Variance
Populations (for each condition) have equal variances

CRD (1)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Experimental Units (object) are assigned randomly to treatments (subjects are assumed homogeneous) Experimental units receive the same treatment One factor of treatment (2 or more treatment levels ) Analyzed by One-Way ANOVA Appropriate for homogenous experimental unit, i.e. laboratory and not suitable in the Agricultural fields Environmental effects are relatively easy to control It is assumed that there is no interaction

CRD (2)
Controlled

Experiments - Subjects assigned at random to one of the t treatments to be compared Observational Studies - Subjects are sampled from t existing groups Statistical model yij is measurement from the jth subject from group i:
yij i ij i ij
where is the overall mean, i is the effect of treatment i , ij is a random error, and i is the population mean for group i

Treatment 1

Replications 2 3

Experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments

The Linier Model

X = + t +
ij i ij

i = 1,2,, t

j = 1,2,, r

Xij = the observation in ith treatment and the jth replication = overall mean t = the effect of the ith treatment
i

ij = random error

H0:

1 = 2 = 3 = ... = t
All Population Means are Equal

No Treatment Effect
H1:

Not All i Are Equal

At Least 1 Pop. Mean is Different

Treatment Effect

NOT 1 2 ... t

H0:

1 = 2 = 3 = ... = t All Population Means are Equal No Treatment Effect Not All i Are Equal At Least 1 Pop. Mean is Different Treatment Effect NOT 1 2 ... t

f(X)

H1 :

1 = 2 = 3 f(X)

1 = 2 3

1. Compares 2 Types of Variation to Test Equality of Means 2. Comparison Basis Is Ratio of Variances 3. If Treatment Variation Is Significantly Greater Than Random Variation, then Means Are Not Equal 4. Variation Measures Are Obtained by Partitioning Total Variation

Total variation

Variation due to treatment

Variation due to random sampling

Sum of Squares Among Sum of Squares Between Sum of Squares Treatment (SST) Among Groups Variation

Sum of Squares Within Sum of Squares Error (SSE) Within Groups Variation

 The

One-Way ANOVA procedure produces a one-way analysis of variance for a quantitative dependent variable by a single factor (independent) variable. Analysis of variance is used to test the hypothesis that several means are equal. This technique is an extension of the two-sample t test.

 In

addition to determining that differences exist among the means, you may want to know which means differ. There are two types of tests for comparing means: a priori contrasts and posthoc tests. Contrasts are tests set up before running the experiment, and post hoc tests are run after the experiment has been conducted. You can also test for trends across categories.

 Once

you have determined that differences exist among the means, post hoc range tests and pairwise multiple comparisons can determine which means differ. Range tests identify homogeneous subsets of means that are not different from each other. Pairwise multiple comparisons test the difference between each pair of means and yield a matrix where asterisks indicate significantly different group means at an alpha level of 0.05.

 Bonferroni.

Uses t tests to perform pairwise comparisons between group means, but controls overall error rate by setting the error rate for each test to the experiment wise error rate divided by the total number of tests. Hence, the observed significance level is adjusted for the fact that multiple comparisons are being made.

 Tukey.

Uses the Studentized range statistic to make all of the pairwise comparisons between groups. Sets the experimentwise error rate at the error rate for the collection for all pairwise comparisons. Duncan. Makes pairwise comparisons using a stepwise order of comparisons identical to the order used by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, but sets a protection level for the error rate for the collection of tests, rather than an error rate for individual tests. Uses the Studentized range statistic. And many more

Three diet medicines (one is commonly used) were tested with 6 replications on the rats. We wanted to find out which one can be delivered to the market (the best one according to statistical analysis). The measured variable is weight loss after 30-days treatments.
Replications Rat + Treatment Medicine 1 Rat + Treatment Medicine 2 Rat + no Medicine (Used a Control)

1 2 3 4 5 6

24 26 11 14 21 17

10 12 5 9 17 22

7 5 13 10 21 23

Treatments of Diet Medicine (M) Rat+Med 1 Rat+Med 2 Rat+ no Med

Replications

(6 times)

Experimental units will be randomly assigned to treatments by using lottery or other methods

Layout of Experimental Unit for field observations

M1R1 M2R6 M2R2 M3R5 M3R3 M2R4 M1R3 M13R6 M1R5 M3R6 M3R1 M1R2 M2R3 M2R5

(6 times)

Replication

M3R2 M2R1 M1R3 M3R4

Note: M: Treatment (Diet Medicine, M1, M2, M3) R : Rat (Replication, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6)

Replication

Medicine

1. 2. 3.

Determine the data above is normally distributed and homogeneous. Analyze using one-way ANOVA. Make hypothesis to get a decision We consider that the data is normally distributed and homogeneous.

Homogeneous because 0.772 > 0.05

Significance correction

If the significance obtained > , so the variance of each sample is homogeneous.

0.05

If the significance obtained < , so the variance of each sample is not homogeneous.

Note: Between Group = Treatments Within Groups = Error

H0: 1 = 2 = 3 H1: i not all equal. (i=1,2,3)

Significance correction

0.05

If the significance obtained > 0.05 , H0 is received If the significance obtained < 0.05, H0 is rejected

Conclusion : because of the sig is 0.210, that means sig > 0.05. So all of the medicines have the same effect. There is no difference among the medicines.

 From

the Post Hoc table is obtained that all of the sig (table) have values more than 0.05 (significance correction). that means, all of the medicines dont have different mean significantly. Mean difference of medicine 1 2, 13 , 21, 23, 31, 32. All of the mean difference is not significantly.

 We

can analyze using Benferroni, sidak, scheffle, duncan test, etc like the Post Hoc box below, with the same analysis from Tukey Test.

Three same formulas of pesticides (made in UKM, UPM, UMT). The UKM pesticide was already standardized (as control). We compare effectivity of pesticide to kill insects in the 6 experimental stations with the same doses. The measured variable was amount of killed insects in the fields. The experimental results are presented in the Table.
Replications A B C D E F G UKM (control) 50 30 12 30 12 30 20 UPM 120 70 70 65 90 70 70 UMT 140 125 80 90 70 80 80

UKM
A B C D E F G

Pesticides UPM

UMT

Replications

(7 times)

Experimental units will be randomly assigned to treatments by using lottery or other methods

UKM
P1A P2F P3B P2A P1C P3D P3G

Pesticides UPM
P2B P3E P3C P2D P1D P1F P2G

UMT
P1E P3F P3A P1B P2C P3E P1G

Replications

(7 times)

Note: P: Pesticide (P1: UKM, P2: UPM: P3: UMT) A, B, C, D, E, F, G : Replications

Value University

For Post Hoc and Options button is the same like example 1

Homogeneous because 0.178 > 0.05

Note: Between Group = Treatments Within Groups = Error

Significance correction

If the significance obtained > , so the variance of each sample is homogeneous.

0.05

If the significance obtained < , so the variance of each sample is not homogeneous.

H0: 1 = 2 = 3 H1: i not all equal. (i=1,2,3)

Significance correction

0.05

If the significance obtained > 0.05 , H0 is received If the significance obtained < 0.05, H0 is rejected

Conclusion : because of the sig is 0.000, that means sig < 0.05. So H0 is rejected, in other word, H1 is received, at least, there is pesticide which is different with other.

From the Post Hoc table obtained, for sig value is 0.000 (sig < 0.05), that means: two pesticides have the different impacts. UKM-UPM and UKM-UMT are significantly different, that pesticides (made in UPM and UMT) are better than UKM pesticide. Their causes are that both pesticides have better active components in the pesticides. 2) There are sig = 0.348 (sig >0.05). That means: the two pesticides have the same results, i.e. between UPM UMT or UMT-UPM have the same capability. Both pesticides have the same ability to kill insects.
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Many thanks for your attention

See you in other occasions