WIND POWER

Introduction

 Energy is a major input for overall socioeconomic development of any society The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing So renewables are expected to play a key role Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable

Wind turbines are up to the task of producing

serious amounts of electricity

Principles

Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation

Velocity with Height

Power vs. Velocity

Lift and drag forces

Solidity and Tip speed ratio

Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

Potential

 Huge potential exists

Available potential can contribute five times the world energy demand 0.4% contribution to total energy

Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source

Growth of Wind Energy

Year

Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003

Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

Available potential in India

Wind Power Density of India

All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

Diesel 1% Wind 3% Nuclear 2% Hydro 26%

Coal 58%

Gas 10%

Installed capacity (MW) in India

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

State wise potential in India, 2005

10000 8000
MW

6000 4000 2000 0 AP

Gujara Karnat Mahar Rajast Kerala MP Orissa t aka ashtra han 875 2 28.85 456.15 2

TN

WB 450

Gross Potential

8275 9675 6620

5500 3650 1700 5400 3050

Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75

284.76 2040.3 1.1

Technology

Turbine Evolution
Used for Pumping water Grinding grain

Mainly used for

Generating Electricity

Types of turbines
VAWT
Drag is the main force Nacelle is placed at the bottom Yaw mechanism is not required Lower starting torque Difficulty in mounting the turbine Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

HAWT
Lift is the main force Much lower cyclic stresses 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower Yaw mechanism is required

Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

Counter Rotating HAWT Increase the rotation speed Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind speeds Operates for wider range of wind speeds

Offshore turbines
More wind speeds Less noise pollution Less visual impact

Difficult to install and maintain

Energy losses due long distance transport

A Typical HAWT

Turbine design and construction

Blades

Material used
Typical length

Tower height
Heights twice the blade length are found economical

 Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient Two blade turbines dont require a hub As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

 Rotational control
Maintenance Noise reduction Centripetal force reduction Mechanisms
Stalling Furling

 Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind

Yaw error and fatigue loads

Uses electric motors and gear boxes

Wind turbine safety

Sensors controlling vibrations Over speed protection Aero dynamic braking Mechanical braking

Improvements
Concentrators

Future Wind Turbines

Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

Disc type wind turbine

o Much more efficient than HAWT o Requires less height o Low noise

o Works in any wind direction

Economics

Determining Factors
Wind Speed

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Exact Location
Improvements in turbine design Capital

Wind Speed Matters

Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

Overall cost distribution

Break down of capital cost

Energy Cost Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh Increased Turbine Size

R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements

2004: 3 4.5 cents/kWh

Typical cost statistics

Size: 51 MW Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)

Annual production: 150 million kW-hr

Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents

Payback period: 20 years

Economic Advantages

 Greater fuel diversity

No delay in construction
Low maintenance costs Reliable and durable equipment Additional income to land owners More jobs per unit energy produced No hidden costs

Future

Wind Capital Cost

Cost of Wind Energy

Germany now and 2020

At present 10% of the countrys energy is supplied by wind energy By 2020 it is expected to go up to 26%

Australia now and 2040

So..
Price of wind power is coming down
There is enormous capacity Energy storage, however, is still a problem

Typical Concerns

 Visual impact
Off shore turbines
Arrangement

Avian concerns
Suitable choice of site Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower

Using radars

 Noise
Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed Streamlining of tower and nacelle Acoustic insulation of nacelle Specially designed gear box Use of upwind turbines Reducing angle of attack

Low tip speed ratios

 Changes in wind patterns

Reducing turbulence

Intermittent
Coupling with hydro or solar energy

TV, microwave, radar interference

Switching from conducting material to

non-conducting and composite material

Conclusion

 Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly Wind energy has very good potential and it is the fastest growing energy source

The future looks bright for wind energy because technology is becoming more advanced and windmills are becoming more efficient

THANK YOU

Furling