EC301 COMPUTER NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Components of Computer Networks

Goals of This Chapter

1.1 Describe basic concepts and components of computer networks
1.1.1 List the advantages of networked computing relative to standalone
computing 1.1.2 Distinguish between client/server and peer-to-peer networks

1.1.3 Differentiate the various classification of networks according to its

size:
i.

Local Area Network (LAN)

ii.
iii.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

1.1.4 List elements common to all client/server networks

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Goals of This Chapter

1.1.5 Distinguish the various computer network topologies: i. Bus ii. Ring iii. Star iv. hybrid

Goals of This Chapter

1.2 Identify Networking Standards 1.2.1 Identify organizations that set standards for networking:
a. b. c.

d.
e. f. g.

h.
i.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

OBE Method
OBE:
1. 2. 3.

The "One Minute Paper" Note Comparison/Sharing Visual Lists/Mind Mapping

4.

Student Summary of Another Student's Answer

What is Computer Networking?

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers that can exchange information and share resources. Networking is widely used in government

departments, corporations, educational institutions, and private apartments.

Advantages of Networking
The advantages of networking include: 1. better communication; 2. resource sharing; 3. centralised data management; 4. software sharing; 5. efficient backup.

Why Use Networks?

Network

Group of computers and devices Connected by transmission media Not connected to other computers Uses local software and data

Stand-alone computer
i. ii.

Advantages computers
i.

of

networks

over

standalone

ii.

Device sharing by multiple users Saves money and time Central network management
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Peer-to-peer Network

Client-server Network

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1.1 Describe basic concepts and components of computer networks

1.1.2 Differentiate two fundamental types of networks: i. Peer-to-peer networks ii. Client/server networks

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Types of Networks
Models vary according to:
i. ii. iii.

Computer positioning Control levels over shared resources Communication and resource sharing schemes

Network models
i.

Peer-to-Peer

ii.

Client/server

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Peer-to-Peer Network

Figure 1-1 Resource sharing on a simple peer-to-peer network

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Peer-to-peer Network
In its simplest form, a peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer. A P2P network can be an ad hoc connectiona couple of computers connected via a Universal Serial

Bus to transfer files.

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Peer-to-peer Network
A P2P network also can be a permanent infrastructure that links a half-dozen computers in a small office over copper wires. Or a P2P network can be a network on a much grander scale in which special protocols and applications set up direct relationships among users

over the Internet.

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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Advantages:
i. ii.

Typical in a home with several computers Direct computer communication

Equal authority

iii.

Individual resource sharing:

i. ii.

May share resources May prevent access to resources

iv.

Each computer can send data to every other computer on the network
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Advantages
v. vi.

Simple configuration Inexpensive to set up

Disadvantages
i.

Not flexible

ii.
iii.

Not necessarily secure

Not practical for large installations
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Resource sharing method

Modify file sharing controls A user responsibility Not centrally controlled Potential variations and security issues Small home or office Large networks using the Internet Gnutella, Freenet, original Napster BitTorrent software

Environments
i. ii.

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Client/Server Networks

Figure 1-2 Resource sharing on a client/server network

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Client/Server Networks
How/what does it looks like?

A computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called the server) is a hub to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations (called

clients) are connected.

The clients run programs and access data that are stored on the server.

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Client/Server Networks
Central computer (server)

Facilitates communication and resource sharing

Clients (other computers)

Personal computers

Known as workstations

Central resource sharing controlled by server

Data sharing, data storage space, devices No direct sharing of client resources
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Client/Server Networks
Computer roles

Server Clients Run local applications Store data locally Use server shared applications, data, devices Use server as intermediary Switches or routers

Communication

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Client/Server Networks
Server requirement

Network operating system Manages client data, resources Ensures authorized user access Controls user file access Restricts user network access Dictates computer communication rules Supplies application to clients

Server examples

UNIX, Linux, Microsoft Server 2003 and 2008, MAC OS X Server

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Client/Server Networks
Server features relative to clients

More memory, processing, storage capacity Equipped with special hardware

Provides network management functions

Disadvantages relative to peer-to-peer networks

Complex in design and maintenance

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Client/Server Networks
Advantages relative to peer-to-peer networks
i. ii. iii.

User credential assigned from one place Multiple shared resource access centrally controlled Central problem monitoring, diagnostics, correction

capabilities
iv. v. vi.

User response time optimization capabilities Efficient processing on large networks Scalability

Popular in medium- and large-scale organizations

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1.1.3 Differentiate the various classification of networks according to its size:

Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

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LANs, MANs, and WANs

LAN (Local Area Network) Characteristics:
i. ii.

Network confined to a relatively small space A local area network is a small sized collection of computers and devices connected by a wired or wireless infrastructure to the end of sharing files and devices.

iii. The most common type of LAN is Ethernet. iv. Easily resource sharing. v.

Data transfer rate are high.

vi. Small area covered by LAN vii. Cost of setting up the network is usually low. viii. Flexibility, low error rates and reliability of operation and simple

maintenance.
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Local Area Network (LAN)

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LANs, MANs, and WANs

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) Characteristics:
i. ii. iii.

Network extends beyond building boundaries; Larger than LAN Connects clients and servers from multiple buildings (MAN) is a geographically small WAN, typically less than 50 miles wide.

iv.

It provides faster access to other sites within the same MAN than a WAN would.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 WAN (Wide Area Network) characteristics:

i. ii.

Connects two or more geographically distinct LANs or MANs Comparison to LANs

Use slightly different transmission methods and media Use greater variety of technologies

iii.

Network connection
i. ii. Separate offices in same organization Separate offices in different organizations

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

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LANs, MANs, and WANs

Figure 1-3 A more complex client/server network

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LANs, MANs, and WANs (contd.)

Figure 1-4 A simple WAN

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The difference between LAN and WAN

LAN LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, schools, or group of buildings. high speed(1000mbps) LANs have a high data transfer rate Network in an organization can be a LAN LAN covers 100 m WAN WAN (Wide Area Network) is a computer network that covers a broad area (e.g., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries over a long distance less speed(150mbps) WANs have a lower data transfer rate as compared to LANs Internet is a good example of a WAN WAN covers more than 100 m
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Definition:

Speed: Data transfer rates:

Example: Geographical Area:

1.1.4 Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

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Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

1. Client

Network computer requesting resources or services from another network computer Client workstation human user Client software installed on workstation Network computer managing shared resources Runs network operating system Personal computer May or may not be connected to network
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2. Server

3. Workstation

Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

4. NIC (Network Interface Card)

Device inside computer

Connects computer to network media Allows communication with other computers

5. NOS (Network Operating System)

Server software

Enables server to manage data, users, groups, security,

applications, and other networking functions
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Ethernet NIC

Figure 1-5 A NIC (network interface card)

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Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

7. Host

A computer that enables other computers to share resources Client, server, or other device Communicates over a network Identified by unique number (network address) Allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data Such as a switch or router
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8. Node

9. Connectivity device

Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

10. Segment

Group of nodes Use same communications channel for traffic Connects segments and significant shared devices A network of networks Computer network physical layout Ring, bus, star or hybrid formation

11. Backbone

12. Topology

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A LAN Backbone

Figure 1-6 A LAN backbone

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Common Network Topologies

Figure 1-7 Common network topologies

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Elements Common to Client/Server Networks

13. Protocol

Standard method or format for communication between networked devices Distinct data units exchanged between nodes Scheme for assigning unique identifying number to every node Means through which data is transmitted and received

14. Data packets

15. Addressing

16. Transmission media

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Transmission Media

Figure 1-8 Examples of network transmission media

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Transmission Media
TWO(2) main categories:
1. Guided wires, cables 2. Unguided wireless

transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar

Types of transmission media:

1. Twisted-Pair cables:

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables ii. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables 2. Coaxial cables 3. Fiber-optic cables
i.
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1.1.5 Distinguish the various computer network topologies:

a. Bus b. Ring c. Star d. Hybrid
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1.1.5 Network Topologies

A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other. Some common network topologies include star, ring, line, bus, and tree configurations.

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Common Topologies - Bus

Each node is daisy-chained (connected one right after the other) along the same backbone. Information sent from a node travels along the backbone until it reaches its destination node. Each end of a bus network must be terminated with a resistor to keep the

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Common Topologies - Bus

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Common Topologies - Bus

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. 2. Requires less cable length than a star topology.
1.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

1. Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. 2. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. 3. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. 4. Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.
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Common Topologies - Ring

Similar to a bus network, rings have nodes daisy chained, but the end of the network in a ring topology comes back around to the first node, creating a complete circuit. Each node takes a turn sending and receiving information

through the use of a token.

The token along with any data is sent from the first node to the second node which extracts the data addressed to it and adds any data it wishes to send.

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Common Topologies - Ring

Then second node passes the token and data to the third node, etc. until it comes back around to the first node again. Only the node with the token is allowed to send data . All other nodes must wait for the token to come to them.

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Ring Topology
Ring Topology
Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals Typical way to send data: Token passing only the computer who gets the token can send data Disadvantages: Difficult to add computers More expensive If one computer fails, whole network fails Ac k T T T dat a T T dat a T

Ac k T T Ac k

Ac dat a k

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Common Topologies - Ring

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Common Topologies - Ring

Advantage of Ring Topology
1. 2.

The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all the intermediate nodes. A central server is not required for the management of this topology. The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail. The movement or changes made to network nodes affects the performance of the entire network.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. 2.

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Common Topologies - Star

In a star network, each node is connected to a central device called a hub. The hub takes a signal that comes from any node and passes it along to all the other nodes in the network. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data.

A hub is a junction that joins all the different nodes

together.
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Common Topologies - Star

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Common Topologies Star Bus

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Common Topologies Star Bus

Advantages of a Star Topology
Easy to install and wire. 2. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. 3. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
1.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology

Requires more cable length than a linear topology. 2. If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. 3. More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc.
1.

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Hybrid Topology
Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).

A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network.

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Hybrid Topology
A Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a multi-station access unit (MAU) as a centralized hub. A Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a bus trunk (the bus trunk serves as the network's backbone).

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Advantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Any topology can be combined with another without making any changes to existing topology.

The speed of the topology is compatible because it combines the strengths of each of the topologies,

eliminating weaknesses. It is also more efficient.

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Disadvantages Of Hybrid Topology

1. Installation and configuration of topology is difficult.

Because there are different topologies that need to connect.

At the same time, make sure none of them fail, which

makes installation and configuration very difficult.

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Example of Hybrid Topology

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Star-wired Ring topology

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Star-wired Hub topology

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Hierarchical topology

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 1.2
Identify Networking Standards

1. 2.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

3. 4. 5.

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

6.
7.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
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 ANSI is the main organization responsible for coordinating

and

publishing

computer

and

information

technology

standards in the United States. While they are commonly thought of as developing and maintaining standards, they do neither. Instead, they oversee and accredit the organizations that actually create the standards, qualifying them as Standards Developing

Organizations or SDOs.
ANSI also publishes the standards documents created by the SDOs, and serves as the United States' representative to the
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 Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): The EIA is an international industry association that is best known for publishing electrical wiring and

transmission

standards.

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 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): The TIA is the communications sector of the EIA, and is responsible for developing communications standards.

Since communications, wiring and transmission are all

related, and since the TIA and EIA organizations are also related, standards produced by the EIA or TIA are often

labelled with the combined prefixes EIA/TIA or

TIA/EIA.
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 An agency of the United Nations (UN) whose purpose is to coordinate telecommunication operations and services throughout the world. Originally founded in 1865, as the International Telegraph Union, the ITU is the oldest existing international organization. ITU headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

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1. Radio communication (ITU-R) -- ensures optimal, fair and rational use of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum 2. Telecommunication Standardization ( ITU-T ) --

formulates

recommendations

for

standardizing

telecommunication operations worldwide 3. Telecommunication Development (ITU-D) -- assists countries in developing and maintaining internal communication operations
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 The ITU sets and publishes regulations and standards relevant to electronic communication and broadcasting technologies of all kinds including radio, television, satellite , telephone and the Internet . The organization conducts working parties, study groups and meetings to address current and future issues and to resolve disputes. The ITU organizes and holds an exhibition and forum known as the Global TELECOM every four years.
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 An international, nonprofit organization founded during 1992 to provide direction in Internet related standards, education, and policy.

It states that its mission is "to assure the open

development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world".

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1.

To facilitate and support the technical evolution of the Internet as a research and education infrastructure and to stimulate involvement of the academic, scientific, and engineering communities (among others) in the evolution of the Internet. To educate the academic and scientific communities and the public concerning the technology, use, and application of the Internet. To promote scientific and educational applications of Internet technology for the benefit of educational institutions at all grade levels, industry, and the public at large. To provide a forum for exploration of new Internet applications and to foster collaboration among organizations in their operation and use of the Internet.[3]

2. 3.

4.

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 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) is the private (non-government) nonprofit corporation with responsibility for IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions, the services previously performed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
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 IANA

(Internet

Assigned

Numbers

Authority)

is

the

organization under the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) of the

Internet Society that, under a contract from the U.S. government, has overseen the allocation of Internet Protocol

addresses to Internet service providers (ISPs).

IANA also has had responsibility for the registry for any "unique parameters and protocol values" for Internet

operation.
These include port numbers, character sets, and MIME media access types.
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