25.

12 PURITY AND CONVERGENCE

While deflecting the three beams by vertical and horizontal deflecting coils It is necessary to ensure that Each beam produces a pure colour and all the three colour rasters fully overlap each other To obtain colour purity each beam should land at the centre of the corresponding phosphor dot irrespective of the location of the beams on the raster This needs precise alignment of the colour beam and is carried out by a circular magnet assembly known as the purity magnet It is mounted externally on the neck of the tube and close to the deflection yoke The purity magnet assembly consists of several flat washer like magnets held together by spring clamps in such a way that these can be rotated freely The tabs on the magnets can be moved apart to reduce resultant field strength This is illustrated for a two pole magnet in Fig. 25.12 From the same figure, the tabs when moved together change the direction of magnetic field Two, four and six pole magnet units are employed to achieve individual and collective beam deflections Thus to affect purity and static convergence the beams can be deflected up or down, right or left and diagonally by suitably orienting the purity magnets

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Yoke Position The position of the yoke on the tube neck determines the location of the deflection centre of the electron beams A wrong setting will result in poor purity due to improper entry angles of the beams into the mask openings Since deflection due to yoke fields affects the landing of the beams on the screen more towards the edges of the tube The yoke is moved along the neck of the tube to improve purity in those regions Convergence

The technique of bringing the beams together so that they hit the same part of the screen at the same time to produce three coincident rasters is referred to as convergence Convergence errors are caused by (i) non-coincident convergence planes (ii) nonuniformity of the deflection field and (iii) flat surface of the picture tube screen
Figure 25.13 illustrates correct and incorrect convergence of beams

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 Proper convergence is achieved by positional adjustment of the individual beams It falls into two parts referred to as (i) static and (ii) dynamic convergence
# Static convergence involves movement of the beams by permanent magnetic fields which, once correctly set, bring the beams into convergence in the central area of the screen Convergence over the rest of the screen is achieved by continuously varying (dynamic) magnetic fields, the instantaneous strengths of which depend upon the positions of the spots on the screen These fields are set up by electromagnets which carry currents at horizontal (line) and vertical (field) frequencies In practice convergence coils are often connected in series with respective yoke windings Pincushion Correction The use of permanent magnets for the elimination of pincushion distortion is not feasible for colour receivers because the magnets would tend to introduce purity problems So, dynamic pincushion correction is used with colour picture tubes Such a correction automatically increases horizontal width and vertical size in those regions of the raster that are shrunken because of pincushion distortion

Degaussing
Degaussing means demagnetizing iron and steel parts of the picture tube mountings The main cause of poor purity is the susceptibility of the mask and its mounting frame to become magnetized by the earths magnetic field and/or by any other strong magnetic fields The effect of these localized magnetic fields is the deviation of electron beams from their normal path Thus the beams strike wrong phosphors causing poor purity especially at the edges of the screen To prevent such effects the picture tubes are magnetically shielded It is done by placing a thin silicon steel (mu metal) housing around the bell of the tube Since the mask structure and shield material have non-zero magnetic retentivity they get weakly magnetized by the earths magnetic field and other extraneous fields such as from magnetic toys, domestic electrical apparatus etc. Thus over a time despite initial adjustments or whenever the colour receiver is moved from the one location to another the stray field changes to affect purity To overcome this drawback, some form of automatic degaussing is incorporated in all colour receivers Degaussing as mentioned earlier is demagnetizing iron and steel parts of the picture tube mountings

A magnetic object can be demagnetized by placing it in an alternating magnetic field which becomes weaker over a period of time This way the magnetized object is forced to assume the strength of the external degaussing field and becomes weaker and weaker as the degaussing field diminishes A degaussing coil is used for this purpose It is wrapped round the tube bowl close to the rim-band of the screen The circuit is so designed that when the receiver is first switched on, a strong mains current passes through the coil and then dies away to an insignificant level after a few moments This way the effects of localized manetic fields are removed each time the receiver is used Drawbacks of the Delta-gun Tube
While the delta-gun colour picture tube has been in use for nearly two decades It suffers from the following drawbacks: i) Convergence is difficult and involves considerable circuit complexity and service adjustments. In most delta-gun tubes, four static convergence magnets and a dynamic convergence assembly are employed. In all about 12 pre-set controls become necessary to achieve proper vertical and horizontal convergence over the entire screen

(ii) The focus cannot be sharp over the entire screen because the focus and convergence planes cannot remain coincident for the three beams which emanate from guns positioned at 120 with respect to each other around the tube axis
(iii) The electron transparency of the mask is very low since it intercepts over 80 percent of the beam currents therefore the delta-gun tube has been superseded by the P.I.L. and Trintron colour picture tubes. It is now manufactured mostly for replacement purposes 25.13 PRECISION-IN-LINE (P.I.L.) COLOUR PICTURE TUBE This tube as the name suggests has three guns which are aligned precisely in a horizontal line The gun and mask structure of the P.I.L. tube together with yoke mounting details are illustrated in Fig. 25.14 The in-line gun configuration helps in simplifying convergence adjustments As shown in the figure colour phosphors are deposited on the screen in the form of vertical strips in triads (R, G, B) which are repeated along the breadth of the tube To obtain the same colour fineness as in a delta-gun tube the horizontal spacing between the strips of the same colour in adjacent triads is made equal to that between the dots of the same colour in the delta-gun tube As shown in Fig. 25.14 (b), the aperture mask has vertical slots corresponding to colour phosphor stripes

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 One vertical line of slots is for one group of fine strips of red green and blue phosphors Since all the three electron beams are on the same plane, the beam in the centre (green) moves along the axis of the tube However, because of inward tilt of the right and left guns the blue and red beams travel at an angle and meet the central beam at the aperture grille mask The slots in the mask are so designed that each beam strikes its own phosphor and is prevented from landing on other colour phosphors The P.I.L. tube is more efficient, i.e., has higher electron transparency and needs fewer convergence adjustments on account of the in-line gun structure It is manufactured with minor variations under different trade names in several countries and is the most used tube in present day colour receivers Purity and Static Convergence Modern P.I.L. tubes are manufactured with such precision that hardly any purity and static convergence adjustments are necessary However, to correct for small errors due to mounting tolerances and stray magnetic fields multipole permanent magnet units are provided Such a unit is mounted on the neck of the tube next to the deflection yoke The various magnets are suitably oriented to achieve colour purity, static convergence and straightness of horizontal raster lines

Convergence Errors
The need for the three rasters to be accurately superposed on each other with no east to west (lateral) or north to south (vertical) displacement (i.e., in proper colour register) puts stringent constraints on distribution of the deflection field Non-optimum distribution of the field along with the fact that the screen is a nearly flat surface (and not spherical) can produce two kinds of lack of colour registration, commonly known as convergence errors These are (a) astigmatism and (b) coma effects (a) Astigmatism: As shown in Fig. 25.15 (a), with a uniform field the rays from a vertical row of points (P, G, Q) converge short of the screen producing a vertical focal line on the screen However, rays (R, G, B) from a row of horizontal points converge beyond the screen producing a horizontal line on the screen Such an effect is known as astigmatism and causes convergence errors In the case of a P.I.L. tube, beams R, G and B emerge only from a horizontal line and so any vertical astigmatism will have no effect However, if horizontal astigmatism is to be avoided, the horizontal focus must be a point on the screen and not a line for any deflection A given change in the shape of the deflection field produces opposite changes in vertical and horizontal astigmatic effects

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 Since vertical astigmatism is of no consequence in a P-I-L tube, suitable field

adjustments can be made to ensure that the beams coming from in-line guns in a horizontal line converge at the same point on the screen irrespective of the deflection angle Such a correction will be at the cost of a much larger vertical astigmatism but as stated above it does not interfere with the correct registration of various colours (b) Coma Effect Due to nonuniformity of the deflection field all the beams are not deflected by the same amount As shown in Fig. 25.15 (b) the central beam (green) deflects by a smaller amount as compared to the other two beams For a different nonuniformity of the deflection field, the effect could be just opposite producing too large a displacement of the central beam Such a distortion is known as coma and results in misconvergence of the beams

Field Distribution for Optimum Convergence

In order to correct astigmatic and coma effects different field configurations are necessary To help understand this, it is useful to visualize the deflection field in roughly two parts, the half of it closer to the screen and the other half closer to the guns

Astigmatism is caused by only that part of the field which is coloser to the screen whereas coma effects occur due to nonuniformities of the field all over the deflection area To correct for misconvergence due to astigmatism in a P.I.L. tube the horizontal deflection field must be pincushion shaped and the vertical deflection field barrel shaped (Fig. 26.16 (a)) in the half near the screen But such a field configuration produces undue amounts of coma error To circumvent this, the gun end of the field can be modified in such a way that the coma produced by the screen end field is just neutralized Thus giving a scan that is free from all convergence errors This needs that the field distribution at the gun end be barrel shaped horizontally and pincushion vertically The above two requirements are illustrated in Fig. 26.16 (b) It shows necessary details of horizontal and vertical field distributions relative to each other along the axis of the tube Though complicated, the above constraints of field distribution are met by proper deflection coil design Thus both astigmatic and coma effects are eliminated

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

25.17 TRINTRON COLOUR PICTURE TUBE

The Trintron or three in-line cathodes colour picture tube was developed by SONY

Corporation of Japan around 1970 It employs a single gun having three in-line cathodes This simplifies constructional problems since only one electron gun assembly is to be accommodated The three phosphor triads are arranged in vertical strips as in the P.I.L. tube Each strip is only a few thousandth of a centimetre wide A metal aperture grille like mask is provided very close to the screen It has one vertical slot for each phosphor triad The grille is easy to manufacture and has greater electron transparency as compared to both delta-gun and P.I.L. tubes The beam and mask structure, together with constructional and focusing details of the Trintron are shown in Fig. 25.24 The three beams are bent by an electrostatic lens system and appear to emerge from the same point in the lens assembly Since the beams have a common focus plane a sharper image is obtained with good focus over the entire picture area All this simplifies convergence problems and fewer adjustments are necessary

Ref: Monochrome n Colour Television by R.R. Gulati (2nd Edition Revised Version)

 The latest version of Trintron was perfected in 1978 It incorporates a low magnification electron gun assembly, long focusing electrodes and a large aperture lens system The new high precision deflection yoke with minimum convergence adjustments provides a high quality picture with very good resolution over large screen display tubes