Pre-Colonial Life and Culture

Nipa Huts made of nipa, bamboo and wood, usually grouped in villages along the river banks Tree Houses built on top of trees for protection against enemies, common to the Kalingas and Bagobos Boat Houses still use by the Badjaos of Sulu Sea because the sea is their source of living

Houses

Nipa Huts

Boat House

Tree House

Male Attire
Kangan a long sleeves jacket without collar. Its color indicated social rank.
Red upper class Blue or Black lower class

Bahag a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs. Putong head gear or hut

Clothes and Ornaments

Kangan and Putong

Bahag

Female Attire
Baro o Camisa wide sleeved jacket Tapis a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist Patadyong or saya a short loose skirt

Baro and Saya

Tapis

Men and women were barefooted Men and women wore gold ornaments

Men tattooed their bodies:

To enhance their physical appearance To show their war record

The Visayan were the most tattooed people

Las Islas de Pintados Pintados

Tattoos

Pintados

Maharlika nobles
Consist of datus, their families and relatives Men of nobility were called
Gat or Lakan Dayang or Lakambini

Timawas Freemen
Composed of born free and emancipated slaves

Social Classes

Alipin slaves
Lowest class Among the Tagalogs:
Namamahay more of a serf than a slave Saguiguilid real slave

Among the Visayans:

Tumataban served only when ask to Tumarampuk rendered only one day of service Ayuey rendered three days of service

Birth a baby born to slave parents

Ganap na Alipin both of your parents were slaves Kalahating Alipin one parent was slave, the other free Mala-Alipin from a parent who was half-slave, and the other is free

Captivity in wars Purchase Failure to pay debts Punishment for Crimes

Causes of Slavery

Women were regarded highly in Pre-hispanic times They were recognized as equal to Spain Could succeed as rulers of barangay Could engaged in trade and commerce Had executive right of naming their children Served as officiated priestess in prehispanic religious rituals:
Katalona Tagalog Babaylan Visaya Baliana - Bicol

Women in Society

No official government Barangay was the unit of government consisted of 30 to 100 families Datu/Raha/Hari/Sultan chieftain

as a chieftain had vast powers:

Chief Executive implementation of laws Legislator enactment of laws upon the counsel and advice from village elders Chief Judge Supreme Commander in times of war

Government

Inheritance a son of a datu became a datu after his fathers death Strength strongest warrior became a datu in case no heir to the position Wisdom wisest man could also become a datu Wealth richest man could also be choses as datu

How a Datu obtained his position?

Paganism

Polytheistic

Offered sacrifices to ancestral spirits:

Anitos Tagalogs Diwatas Visayans

Bathala the supreme god, creator of heaven and earth Sidapa god of death Agni god of fire Idianale god of agriculture

Believed in immortality of soul and life after death.

Islam

Religion

Three prerequisites to marriage:

Giving of dowry called Bigay Kaya which consisted of gold, land or slaves given by the bridegroom to the parents of the bride. Panghihimuyat payment
for mothers nocturnal effort in rearing the girl to womanhood. Himaraw reinbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl to womanhood. Bigay-suso given to wet nurse

Marriage Customs

 Lovers Servitude the groom worked in the brides household for a period of time

Pamamalae/ Pamamanhikan/ Pamumulungan/

The bridegrooms family asks for the hand of the bride to be.

Three special mourning customs:

Laraw mourning for a datu Maglahe mourning for men Morotal mourning for women

Some of the practices:

Wore white clothes during mourning period Pasiyam nine consecutive days of prayer Tibawan a play in honor of the dead Before burial the corpse was washed, dressed and embalmed, buried near the house, in a cave, or a high place overlooking the sea Foods, clothes, gold, weapons, and sometimes slaves buried with the dead.

Burial and Mourning Practices

Ancient Filipino alphabet originated from India Consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants

Writing

Materials in early writing:

A sharp-pointed piece of iron called SIPOL, was used as pen or sometimes tip of a dagger or knife As paper, the early Filipinos used the tree barks, banana leaves and other plant leaves.

Ancient Filipino both had oral and writted literature: Types of Literature:

Sabi or Kasabihan maxim Sawikain or Salawikain saying Bugtong riddle Epics: Hudhod at Alim Ifugao Biag ni Lam-Ang Ilocos Bantugan, Indarapatra and Sulayman - Moro

Literature

Musical Instruments

Dances Kumintang love dance Dadansoy Visayan dance of the Tuba gatherers Mahinhin Tagalog courtship dance

Kudyapi Tagalog guitar Gangsa Igorot gong Kulintang Maranao xylophone

Music and Dances