Technology evolution

Transistor-Era
In 1947 on Dec 23rd Physicists William Shockley, Walter Brattain, Ge. In 1950 the first transistor BJT was introduced Ten years before the bipolar transistor was invented, the principles of operation were patented for another type of transistor called MOSFET and John Bardeen, working at Bell Laboratories in US. Invented the first transistor using

 In 1962 Steven Hofstein and Fredric Heiman at the RCA Labs,in princeton, New Jersey invented a MOSFET They are cheaper , smaller, and low power consumption but low speed

Integrated Circuit (IC)

The first transistors were provided as discrete components that were individually packaged in a small metal cans. But people started to think that it wouildd be a good idea to fabricate entire circuit on a single piece of semiconductor. A British RADAR expert GWA Dummer presented his paper in 1952. But in 1958 that Jack KIlby working for Texas Instruments (TI) fabricated first IC a Phase-shift oscillator.

 Around the same time that kilby was working, two of the founders of the Fairchild semiconductors the swiss physicist (Jean Hoerni) and the american physicist(Robert Noyce) inventented the underlying optical litographic techniques that are now used to create transistor , insulating layers and interconnections. TI introduced simple 54xx and 74xx ICs during mid-1960s by TTL logic families By RCA CMOS based 4000 series.

Next generation of ICs SRAMs, DRAMs, and Processors

1960s and 1970s Digital Era. In 1970 Intel announced the first IC 1024 bit DRAM (1103) And Fairchaild announced 256 bit SRAM (4100) In 1971 Intel indroced the worlds first Microprocessor -4004(around 2300transistors and 60K operations per second)

Programmable Logic

What is meant my programming?

The specific function of an IC for a given application is determined by the selective breaking of some the interconnections while leaving the others intact (unbroken).

PLD =Programmable Logic Device

PLD is an IC which contains a large number of
interconnected gates , flip-flops and Registers.

commercially available high-capacity Field-Programmable Devices (FPDs)

The three main categories of FPDs are delineated:
1) Simple PLDs (SPLDs),

2) Complex PLDs (CPLDs) and

3) Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

Advantages
Iow density Low production cost Lesser power requirement Easy programming

SPLDs and CPLDs

PLD=SPLD

ROMs
ROM s are simply memory devices
PROM,EPROM,EEPROM

ROM s are simply memory devices

PROM,EPROM,EEPROM

ROM (PROM)
A PROM is a combinational circuit which can be used to generate a desired logic function . It has M address (representation of input) lines and N data (output) lines It has hardwired (fixed) AND array and Programmable OR array.

 The M inputs are generated from the decoder logic.

M--Address lines(M=2p)

P--Address Bits

. . . .

D E C O D E R n*2n

. . . .

N--Data (output) Lines

Structure of PROM

Exanple

Example--1
Y0=A Y1=CBA

Y2=CBA
In this example the output y0 has only one variable as
output function then we need to find out the Boolean function to get A output. The output y0 can be realized by

minimizing the minters (1,3,5,7) , so we have to intact

(connect) the fuse for the four minterm values.

Example--2
F1= m(1,5,7,8)
F2= m(0,2,5,8,12,15,17,18) F3= m(4,5,7,15,18,21,30) So we need 5 bit address lines and 3 output lines. But there is 32*8 ROM only, so remaining 5 output lines are open (unused)

PROM generates every possible AND product

term , so it is useful in cases where it is required

that every input combination should be available.

When the input variables are large PROM becomes impractical.

Advan&Dis Afvantages of PROM

Less cost No simplification is required Flexibility in design Dis advantages The complete circuit is not used More power requirement Not suitable when number of inputs are large.

PLA

Example of PLA

Drawback of PLA
Signals take long time to pass through the Programmable links. So PLAs are slower than PROMs.

PAL

PAL Example
Advantage is that they are faster because only one of their arrays are programmable But Disadvantage is that it allows only limited number of and gates are ORed

CPLDs
In 1984 When newly formed Altera introduced a CPLD based on a combination of CMOS and EPROM technologies. For little power consumption.

CPLD architecture

CPLD architecture

CPLD Functional block

CPLD I/O block

Architecture issues of CPLD

The Programming technology The functional block capability The I/O capability

CPLD Examples
Altera MAX 7000and 9000 AMDs(Advanced Micro Devices) CLPDs(Match 1 to 5) Atmel ATF and ATV familkies Lattice family Cypress faly Xilix family