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Chapter 11 CIS

Reformers/Kings/Popes Events/Councils

Cinyu Chi 4B

John Wycliffe: Lollards, translates Bible into English, before Luther


Jan Huss (Czech): priest, agrees with Wycliffe, no indulgences to finance war, is excommunicated and executed Luther: 95 Theses, translates Bible into German, salvation by faith alone, sola scriptura, 2 sacraments Zwingli: priest of Zurich, supports reform (still Catholic), says bread and wine REPRESENT body/blood of Christ, sausages (Lent) John Calvin: predestination, saved are the elect, writes gov. doc., is kicked out (new papacy), invited back as supporter to gain independence from Bern. Ignatius of Loyola: mastery over ones emotions, unquestionable devotion

The Diet of the Worms: catholic legislative body led by Charles V, Luther refuses to recant
Diet of Speyer: Charles V makes Anabaptism illegal (death) The Peasants Revolt: believe Luther supports equality, but he doesnt, Catholic and Protestant princes join together to crush the peasants. Marburg Colloquy: Phillip of Hesse want to discuss the Eucharist, also wants to unite Swiss and German Protestants. Munster: Anabaptist take over, led by John of Leiden, captured and left to rot Diet of Augsburg: assembled to impose a settlement of the religious divisions. The Peace of Augsburg: led by Charles V, Cuius Religio is established Council of Trent:: establishes better church organization and internal church discipline, reinforces Catholic traditions Conciliar Movement: limit popes power The Pilgrimage of Grace: Catholics rise up against the Anglican Church

Conrad Grebel: founder of Anabaptism


Henry VIII: pro-Protestant (divorce), had 6 wives, Act of Supremacy, Defender of the Faith Charles V: rules Holy Roman Empire and Spain, convenes Diet of Augsburg Pope Leo X: The Papal Bull Pope Paul IV: bans books Reasons for Support of the Reformation other countries feel underrepresented (Italian dominated) tax exemption (nobles support b/c of $) laitys increased literacy rate (able to make their own decisions (printing press) Simony (buying a church position), Nepotism (putting family into power)

Orders: Barnabites, Capuchins, the Somascan Fathers, and Theatines devote themselves to the education of the clergy/young people. Carmelites and Ursalines devote themselves to womens education. Society of Jesus: Jesuits, devote themselves to self-mastery (mind over matter) Brotherhood of the Common Life (before Reformation): founded by Gerard Groote, supported education of the common people, dont take vows, falls apart during the Reformation.

Churchs wealth

Social/Educational Changes Literacy rates up 5-10% people reject superstition emphasis on humanism and reading the Bible women encouraged to read (Luther treats them as equals) marriages later in life (financial stability) Remarrying more often (to have more children) late marriages = pre-marital sex wet nursing = spread of diseases Changes in the Church services in the vernacular drop in membership change in architecture (elaborate to plain, to promote more attention to faith) clergy can marry Protestant Reformation Successful? partially, wanted to reform religion without social changes social revolution took place leading to a better educated laity Swiss Confederation (states have power) loose collection of states (cantons) 1648: Swiss gain independence famous for fierce mercenaries Other Religions Mennonites: moderate form of Anabaptist Antitrinitarians: believe God, Christ, and Holy Spirit are ONE Calvinist: predestination

Counter Reformation Church responds by instituting new catholic order (capuchins, ursalines, etc) indulgences shouldnt be abused education of the laity Confessions/Leagues Tetrapolitan Confession (Diet of Augsburg): defense of Zwinglys theological views Schmalkaldic League: Lutheran alliance against Charles V, they are crushed by Charles V Schleitheim Confession: Anbaptist beliefs Diputations of Zurich: petitioned for the end of clerical celibacy Displays of Church Power tax exemption can excommunicate people at will dietary rituals (1/3 of the year) Education (a privilege of the clergy Inquisitions Spanish: 1482 under Ferdinand and Isabella, strapado, toca, porto, etc. Netherlands became Protestant, making Spain unhappy, so the Inquisition spreads

Roman: late 15th century, Galileo proves Church wrong


Portuguese: aimed and conversos and Jesuits

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