SUMMER TRAINING

ORGANISATION:

TOPIC:
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

HYDRO POWER

Defined as Electricity derived from water as Primary Source

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Motive energy contained in water converted into electricity through Hydroelectric Power Plants.

WHY HYDROPOWER

A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves. Non-polluting and hence environment friendly. Long life - the first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation. Lower cost of generation, operation and maintenance than other sources of energy. Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance / rejection - suitable to meet peak demand and for enhancing system reliability and stability. Have higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around 50%). Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial installation. Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation etc. Being labour intensive, provide employment opportunities.

Being located in remote regions, lead to development of interior areas.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER SCHEMES

BASED ON HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS

1. Run of the river Scheme : In this scheme, no storage is provided to provide discharge . Water is utilized as it comes in the river.At the most, storage available can take care of diurnal variations. 2. Pondage Scheme : In this type of scheme, storage is provided to allow for weekly or monthly variations in river discharge. So modifications in discharge is possible upto that extent. 3. Storage Scheme: In this scheme, the surplus water in flood season is stored for use of generating electricity in lean season when inflow is less. 4. Pumped Storage Scheme: In this scheme, water is utilized for power generation during peak demand , while the water is pumped back in the reservoir during lean demand period.

BASED ON HEAD AVAILABLE

Type of Scheme

Nigam

Mosoyni

Low Head Scheme

Medium Head Scheme High Head Scheme

H < 30 M
H < 300 M H > 300 M

H<15 M
H<50 M H>50 M

In case of low head schemes the diversion structure is usually a barrage and the water conductor is an open channel ending into a fore-bay upstream of the power house. In case of medium and high head run-of-river schemes, the diversion structure can be a barrage or a dam.

BASED ON GENERATION CAPACITY

Type of Schemes Capacity (As per CBIP publication No 175) Upto 100 kW Upto 2000 kW Upto 15 MW

Micro Hydel Plants Mini Hydel Plants Small Hydel Plants

High Capacity Hydel Plants

More than 15 MW

BASED ON LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Peak Load Power Station: In this type of hydro scheme, available storage water is utilized for generation during peak demand period . Pondage and Storage schemes where there is considerable storage provided to meet the peak demand can operate as Peak load Station. Base Load Power Station: In this type of hydro scheme, the water is utilized for continuous output as storage required to meet variable demand is not there.

BASED ON TYPE OF TURBINE

Heads and discharges are the major criteria for the selection of turbines. USBR recommends the selection of turbine as under: Head Type of Turbine 18m or less Kaplan turbine 18 to 300m Francis turbine 300m and above Pelton turbine

COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

Components Of Hydropower Projects

Water Diversion Structure Earthen Dam Rockfill Dam/ CFRD

Water Conductor System Power Intake Head Race Tunnel / Channel

Power Generating System Surface Power House

Power Evacuation System

Underground Power House

Concrete Gravity
Concrete Arch Dam Other types of Dam

Surge Shafts
Pressure Shafts and Penstock Tail Race Tunnel / Channel

Schematic Sketch of Hydropower Station

9.8QHA X Efficiency
Transformer

Amount of Water

Head

Power House

Turbine

Water Conductor

PLANNING OF HYDROPOWER
Need for Hydropower Identify River Basin

Alternative Site Selection

Preliminary Feasibility Studies, a ranking study, is done by nodal agencies like CEA and CWC

Environmental Studies

Geological Studies

Hydrological Studies

Topographical Studies

Commercial Studies

Power Potential Studies

Infrastructural Studies

Interstate/ International Aspects

Final Site Selection/ Type of scheme Detail Investigation And Studies Project layout And Detail Design

Factors For Planning of Hydro Power Projects

Technical Factors
HydroMeteorologi cal Construction Material Topographical

Availability Strength Rainfall of Material (Amount,Pattern etc) Characteristics Status of of Foundation, Water availability Temperature, Wind Tunnelling Media Supply Tectonic ,snowfall Features Flood & Drainage Subsurface Management characteristics

Terrain Contour Maps etc Aerial Maps

HYDROLOGY
INPUT DATA OUTPUT DATA WATER AVAILABILITY

Rain-Fall
Discharge Data Gauge Data Snow-Fall Temperature Wind Data Topographical Maps Evaporation Data

DESIGN FLOOD

SEDIMENTATION & Silt Data Grain Size Distribution

SEDIMENT
CONTROL

Factors For Planning of Hydro Power Projects

Status Of Development
Technological
Pattern of Availability of Demand Skilled Manpower Status of Capabilities of Supply Contractors Tariff Policy & Construction Tariff Technology & Use of Machinery Electricity (Sector wise)

Commercial

Infrastructural

Economic Indicators Rates of Items

Approach Roads Bridges, Rail Head

DIVERSION PROJECTS

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF SITE FOR DAM / DIVERSION STRUCTRE

Topography - Width of Valley Geology and foundation conditio Geological characteristics Thickness of strata Inclination, permeability faults, fissures, shear zone etc. Construction material availability Spillway size and location Cost of protection work of spillway discharge Limitation of spillway discharge Limitation of outlet works Problems of diverting the river during construction

PLANNING INTERFACES
FIELD SET-UP

GEOLOGY
HYDROMECH

LOCAL & STATE GOVT ENVIRONMENT

FINANCE

CEP E&M DESIGN COST ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

DESIGN

PLANNING

CEA, CWC CONSULTANTS (if any) RESEARCH LABS

CSMRS,CWPRS,SAC

STATUTORY GOVT CLEARANCE INVESTMENT DECISION

STAGES OF PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION STAGE

INVESTMENT DECISION EVALUATION & APPRAISAL STAGE CLEARANCES FROM STATUTORY BODIES ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOECONOMIC

COST ESTIMATE

ELECTRICAL CIVIL DETAILED PROJECT REPORTS DETAILED PLANNING OF WORKS SITE INVESTIGATION FEASIBILIT Y FEASIBILITY STUDIES PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES RECONNAISSANCE

HYDRAULIC GATES: RADIAL GATE

They can be used both on spillways as well as in conduits & tunnels Basic idea of this design is to put the main struts Cheapest type of gate Eg: Yacyreta-Apile project on R.Parana in Argentina/Paraguay size of gate is 15.2 m wide & 20.1 m high

SLIDING GATES
Made of wood, structural steel, or, if small of cast iron or cast steel

Have a continuous bearing under compression all-round the opening as sealing face rests directly on slide guides and thus a minimum of leakage Used for hoist capacity up to 35 tones
Seals provided on the slides are made up of bronze

Require larger forces to operate than any other type

WHEELED GATE
Gates of this type variously called tractor gates, roller bearing gates and trunnion gates Water pressure against gate is carried on wheels attached to gates

ADVANTAGES: Coefficient of rolling friction is less than that of sliding gate They can be moved with smaller lifting force

Eg: Gates in Guri project on R.Caroni in Venezuela built in 1982 are 7.3m wide & 14.6 m high

RUBBER SEALS
Most effective Cost reduction without affecting structural effectiveness Basic polymer shall be natural rubber or a copolymer of butadiene and styrene or a blend of both

May be cladded by fluorocarbon

Cladding reduces frictional forces. These seals are less flexible than rubber seals

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