While making this project many people helped and guided me. So, I would like to thank them.

First of all, I would like to thank my history/civics teacher Mrs. Namita Maitre, who has been the guiding light for this project. My special thanks to my parents for their support, encouragement and guidance without which this project would not have been completed. I would also like to thank my friends and my sister for providing me with the information. Last but not the least, I would like to thank the Almighty whose presence gave me the strength to complete this project. Date: 18th July, 2013
Submitted to: Mrs. Namita Maitre Submitted by: Arjun Malik

S.No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction

Topic
Causes for coming of World War 1 Division of Europe The beginning of The WW1 The World War 1 Consequences Of The War

Pg. No.
1 2-3 4 5 6 7-8

7.

Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty

9
10

Terms of the treaty

Response of the people

11
12-13

Nazism
Effects of Nazism on the world

14
15

8.
9.

Conclusion
Bibliography

16
17

History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race. In the 20th Century, many new inventions took place which had both good and bad effects. A world of atrocities and jealousy developed in between countries and this was a of major disruption of peace. This led to the first world war. World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until the start of World War II in 1939. It involve most of the great powers and their colonies. The effects of the war were brutal. To prevent the introduction of another world war many peace treaties and institutions were made. One of these treaties was the Treaty of Versailles which is explained in this assignment.

In the 20th century, many changes took place in the whole world which caused inequalities amongst the great powers. The main hub of this war was Europe. The reasons for coming up of the World War 1 are: 1. Militant Nationalism: Aggressive nationalism based on the evil theory My country, right or wrong, sowed the seeds of the First World War. This exaggerated form of Nationalism increased the possibility of war because a nations goals inevitably came in conflict with the goals of one or more other nations. In addition, nationalistic pride caused nations to magnify small disputes into major issues. Race of armaments: All the great powers were fighting against each other for increasing their military strength by increasing their nations weapon strength. This engaged fear amongst nations of being attacked by another nation. An atmosphere of war was made between the great powers. Germany was competing with Great Britain for construction of battleships due to Great Britain feared of being attacked. Competition for Colonies and Aggressive Nationalism: European countries, in which the Industrial Revolution had broken out, needed cheap raw materials for manufacturing goods on a large scale, and markets all over the world for their surplus goods. These countries, therefore, engaged themselves in empire- building. Thus, by 1914 there was much rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies as well as over naval and military strength. This rivalry led some countries to form alliances to defend themselves.

2.

3.

4. Division of Europe into two groups: The main alliance was the Triple Alliance, made up of Germany, Italy and AustriaHungary. In this alliance, an attack on any one country would bring its allies to its defence. Another agreement made between Britain and France in 1904 came to be known as the Triple Entente when Russia joined it in 1907.Most other European nations were either allied with or under the control of one of these alliances. Thus, Europe was split into two opposing groups. If two countries went to war, others were likely to be drawn in. 5. Sarajevo Crisis: On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria Hungarian Throne was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to Austrian Emperor Franz Josef, was to review the troops and supervise the action. A few days before manoeuvres took place, it was decided that Archduke Franz Ferdinand would also visit leading citizen, in Sarajevo. They wished to discuss a proposal, which would give the area self-government. Three Serb extremists were planning to murder. the Archduke. They belonged to the Black Hand terrorist organization. When Franz Ferdinand arrived in Sarajevo, he got into a car and drove to his meeting as part of a convoy. Black Hand activists, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, Gavrilo Princip and Andri Grabez, were waiting to murder him. He was murdered, Gavrilo and Cabrinovic was arrested by the police.

Great Britain

Germany

France World War I

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire Russia Italy(initially a member Belgium and Serbia

of Alliance but when the war commenced became a member of Entente)

After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austrians quickly discovered that the killer, Gavrilo Princip, was a member of the Black Hand terrorist group. They knew Black Hand was supported by Serbian army and thought Serbia had planned the murder. Austrian Emperor Franz Josef and his government decided to use the murder as a reason to crush Serbia. They began to prepare for war, but sent army commander Count Conrad von Hotzendorf on holiday to make it appear that they did not expect war. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany promised to support Austria, but King victor Emmanuel III of Italy refused. Serbia contacted its ally, Russia. Tsar Nicholas II advised serbia to call a conference if Austria began a war. The Tsar then ordered part of the Russian army to march towards the Austrian frontier to act as a threat. Russia contacted its ally, France, to ask for support. On 23 July, the Austrian government announced the results of their inquiry into the murder of the Archduke. They demanded that the Serb government ban anti-Austrian organizations and newspapers, sack a number of government officials, arrest Tankosic, head of the Black Hand terrorist group, and open a judicial inquiry with an Austrian judge in charge. Serbia agreed to all the demands, but said the inquiry should have a Serb judge. The German, Russian and French governments thought this was reasonable and believed that war had been avoided. On 28 July, Austria turned down the Serb offer and declared war and Germany had to support them.

One of the most cruel consequences of the war are millions dead people and soldiers in captivity. 750,000 British people died in WW1. Great Britain had in the WW1 192,000 prisoners. The humanitarian organization, Red Cross, took care of food-supply and return of the imprisoned soldiers. The political affect of WW1 was the new dividing of the world. Where before the WW1 there had been 19 monarchies and 3 republics in Europe, by 1922 there were 14 republics, 13 monarchies and 2 regencies (Albania, Hungary). Although Britain stayed a monarchy the war enthroned changes. The cost of the war had led to an enormous increase in taxation, from 6% of income in 1914 to 25% in 1918. The demands of the war had also led to a doubling in the size of the civil service, and greater government control of national life. Treaty of Versailles and Other peace treaties: After the devastation of World War I, the victorious Western Powers imposed a series of harsh treaties upon the defeated nations. These treaties stripped the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary, joined by Ottoman Turkey and Bulgaria) of substantial territories and imposed significant reparation payments. Armistice: The cessation of war and the signing of armistices brought about much relief. War at the Western Front and the Italian Front stopped with the signing of the following armistices: Armistice of Compigne Armistice of Villa Giusti Following the signing of the armistices, the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 brought together the diplomats of twenty-nine countries to draft a series of peace treaties.

Further discussion and drafts ensued in the Conference of London and San Remo Conference of 1920. The important peace treaties drafted were: Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Svres Formation Of League Of Nations: The League of Nations came into being after the end of World War One. The League of Nation's task was simple - to ensure that war never broke out again though the league turned out to be a failure because it was unable to prevent World War 2. It also had to gain the cooperation of all the nations. It was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe. Due its failure, United Nations Organization was made after the Second World War.

Peace treaty signed (June 28, 1918) at the end of World War I between Germany and the Allies. Paris Peace Conference was the making of the Treaty of Versailles, which opened on Jan. 18, 1919. Represented were 27 countries, including the U. S., Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. Neither the German Republic, which had replaced the imperial German government at the end of the war, nor Soviet Russia was invited to attend the conference. Germany signed only under duress.

The U.S. signed but failed to ratify the treaty, negotiating instead the separate Treaty of Berlin with Germany (signed on Aug. 25, 1921). Germany and its allies were not allowed to send any delegates, and had no choice but to accept whatever was decided. The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of Nations; the rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany's punishment.

Germany had to accept total responsibility for starting the First World War. This was called the War Guilt Clause (Article 231). Germany had to pay 6,600 million in reparations to cover war damages and other Allied losses. These were called reparations (Article 232). Germany had to hand over some 70,000 square kilometres of land. This accounted for about 13% of all of her land and six million of her people who lived there. Germany was to have her colonies taken away from her. These colonies were to become mandates run by the Allies on behalf of the League of Nations (Article 100). The German army was to have no more than 100,000 men (Article 160). The navy was limited to 15,000 sailors. There was to be no air force and no submarines (Article 198). Danzig made a free city under League of Nations control. (Article 100)

The German navy was only allowed six battleships and Germany was forbidden to buy any more weapons and other war material (Article 181). An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a period of fifteen years. No German troops were to be allowed into the occupation zone (Article 42). The Covenant of the League of Nations - Germany was not allowed to join (Article 1-26). The Saar, with its rich coalfields, given to France for 15 years (Article 45). Alsace-Lorraine returned to France (Article 51). Germany forbidden to unite with Austria (Article 80). Lands in eastern Germany - the rich farmlands of Posen and the Polish corridor between Germany and East Prussia - given to Poland (Article 87). Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium) ,Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)

German Response: Reactions to the Treaty in Germany were very negative. There were protests in the German Reichstag (Parliament) and out on the streets. It is not hard to see why Germans were outraged. Germany lost 10% of its land, all its overseas colonies, 12.5% of its population, 16% of its coal and 48% of its iron industry. There were also the humiliating terms, which made Germany accept blame for the war, limit their armed forces and pay reparations. French Response: Reactions in France were mixed. There were celebrations that the war was definitely over. People approved of the reparations that Germany had to pay. They also liked the fact that Germany's borders with France (the

Rhineland) would be demilitarised. This meant Germany could not station any troops in this area. They appreciated that the coalmines of the Saar would bring prosperity to France instead of Germany. They also believed that the League of Nations would be a powerful force for peace. It would protect France if Germany recovered and tried to act aggressively again. However, there was a strong sense that Germany still threatened France. Many French people looked at the terrible cost of the war and believed that France had suffered far more than Germany. Soon after the Treaty, Clemenceau stood for election as President of France. He was outraged when other candidates stood against him. It was then that he realised how bitter many people were about the Treaty.

British Response: When the Treaty terms were announced in June 1919, there was a mixed reaction. The general opinion in Britain was that the terms were fair and should probably have been more severe. British newspapers suggested that Germany would no longer threaten world peace. Any complaints by the Germans were dismissed as trickery and play-acting. When Prime Minister David Lloyd George returned from Paris in June 1919, he received a hero's welcome. The king came out to meet him at the railway station, which was completely unheard of in British history. There was a general feeling of, "Now they've gotten what they deserve!" initially. But after the Depression (which started long before it hit the US) and the horrors wrought by the war on Britain's own men was witnessed,

many people began to feel that the Treaty was in fact unjust, which led to a feeling of sympathy towards the Germans, which in turn would lead to dangerous consequences as the Nazis assumed power.

1. Long-term bitterness Deep anger about the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles created an underlying bitterness to which Hitlers viciousness and expansionism appealed, so they gave him support. 2. Ineffective Constitution Weaknesses in the Constitution crippled the government. In fact, there were many people in Germany who wanted a return to dictatorship. When the crisis came in 19291933 there was no one who was prepared or able to fight to stop Hitler. 3. Money The financial support of wealthy businessmen gave Hitler the money to run his propaganda and election campaigns.

4. Propaganda Nazi propaganda persuaded the German masses to believe that the Jews were to blame and that Hitler was their last hope. 5. Programme Hitler promised everybody something, so they supported him. 6. Attacks on other parties The Storm troopers attacked Jews and people who opposed Hitler. Many opponents kept quiet simply because they were scared of being murdered and if they were, the judges simply let the Storm troopers go free. 7. Personal Qualities Hitler was a brilliant speaker, and his eyes had a peculiar power over people. He was a good organiser and politician. He was a driven, unstable man, who believed that he had been called by God to become dictator of Germany and rule the world. This kept him going when other people might have given up.

Life in Europe was completely changed with the rise of the Nazi party. Jewish businesses were boycotted and Jews had restricted rights at the start of the Nazi's reign. But the Nazi's didn't just start out trying to wipe out the Jews. The German economy was improved with the rise of the Nazi's power. In January 1933 the percentage of the unemployed populace was 30 percent with 6 million people being out of work. In 6 years that number was drastically reduced to 300,000. Children's lives were drastically altered by the rise of the Nazis. Aryan children were taken into the Hitler Youth program and if you were old enough, taken straight into the military. Jewish children would have to run away from their families and everyone they knew to escape going to concentration camps. They would be forced to hide for weeks on

end from German patrols and search parties. The most obvious effects of Nazism are World War II, the Holocaust, the loss of millions of lives, the displacement of millions more, and the destruction of much of the continent of Europe. Due to rise of Nazism the common citizens of Germany lost their freedom as the form of government changed to dictatorship. The Nazi rule offered a lot of stability in the government in comparison to Weimar Republic.

I believe the Treaty of Versailles was not justified as the sole purpose of a treaty is to bring peace between the opposing sides but this treaty was based on revenge. This treaty was an agreement made between the Allies and the Central Powers but the Central Powers were not present during the drafting of the treaty. The Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany had to pay for the majority of the war reparations. This part of the treaty was extremely unfair as it was so big an amount that it greatly affected the economy of the country. Furthermore, Germany was not only forced to pay for the war reparations but they were also humiliated. Germany was forced to sign the War Guilt Clause, which was a form where Germany had to agree to have started World War I. Fact is, that Germany did not start the World War I, Austria-Hungary

and Serbia started the war. On top of being forced to sign the War Guilt Clause, some of Germanys colonies were taken away. This was unjust because the land rightfully belonged to Germany; there was no agreement prior to World War I stating that land would be taken away as a consequence of losing. The Allies had no right in taking the land away from Germany. Taking away these colonies from Germany impacted their economy even more because it resulted in an affect to their trading system. In conclusion, the Treaty of Versailles was not justified. This was a treaty based on revenge and it should not have been this way. The sole purpose of a treaty is to bring peace between the opposing sides. The Treaty of Versailles brought a lot of good to the countries in the Allies, but it came at the cost of the misery and dismay of Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was a very unfair treaty that was created after World War I.

www.google.com www.wikipedia.com www.yahooanswers.com www.wikianswers.com www.bbc.co.uk www.historylearningsite.co.uk www.firstworldwar.com www.about.com www.history.com www.britannica.com Dolly Ellen Sequeira,2013,Total History and Civics, Morning Star Ben Walsh,2009, Modern World History, Walsh Publishing ltd. Rupert Matthews and Brian William, 2006, World Wars, Miles Kelly Publishing ltd.