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El grmen
Vas posibles de infeccin Incidencia
El rin
Patogenia Histologa
El paciente
Sintomatologa Sistemtica de estudio Formas de presentacin
Estudio Tratamiento
El rin
Patogenia Histologa
El paciente
Sintomatologa Sistemtica de estudio Formas de presentacin
Estudio Tratamiento
Comunes: Escherichia coli Proteus spp. Klebsiella spp. Enterobacter spp. Pseudomona spp. Serratia spp. Enterococo spp. Cndida spp.
TRATAMIENTO MDICO
60%
100%
INSTRUMENTACIN
11
10
MUJERES VARONES
MUJERES 90%
MUJERES 99%
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
EDAD
El rin
Patogenia Histologa
El paciente
Sintomatologa Sistemtica de estudio Formas de presentacin
Estudio Tratamiento
Muchas veces aparece el cuadro histolgico a pesar de no existir actividad bacteriana en los tejidos
El rin
Patogenia Histologa
El paciente
Sintomatologa Sistemtica de estudio Formas de presentacin
Estudio Tratamiento
EL PACIENTE:
Sintomatologa Sistemtica de Estudio
UROGRAMA EXCRETOR
Divertculo paraureteral
Ausencia de ureter intravesical Ausencia parcial de Ureter intravesical Flaccidez Neurognica de la pared vesical
COLONIAS
0,1
TIEMPO
Bacteriuria Permanente
COLONIAS
0,1
TIEMPO
Bacteriuria Permanente Bacteriuria Intermitente
Bacteriuria Intermitente:
Urocultivo positivo (+) negativo (-) Leucopiocituria
INFECCIN URINARIA
COLONIAS ML
TIEMPO
Bacteria 1 Bacteria 2 Bacteria 3
TRATAMIENTO: Falla en la respuesta Organismos Resistentes Sntomas altos de infeccin Instrumentacin invasiva reciente
OBSTRUCTIVAS: Hipertrofia Prosttica Nefrolitiasis Residuo post miccional elevado Vejiga Neurognica
INMUNOSUPRESION: Diabetes Mellitus Enfermedad de sickle cells Pacientes trasplantados HIV Uso de corticosteroides
ANORMALIDAD ANATOMICA O FUNCIONAL: Rin nico Cuerpos extraos: ej. Stent, doble jota Poliquistosis Renal Reflujo Vesicoureteral
ASINTOMTICA
SINTOMTICA
ASINTOMTICA
SINTOMTICA
Mantener en observacin:
Mujeres: 3 meses Varones: 6 meses Tratamiento segn Antibiograma (30 das); si no cura, estudio completo del sistema urinario
Persistencia
Tratamiento antibitico (15 - 30 das) Cura Hidroquintica Medidas Higinico Dietticas Control de sedimento y cultivo al final del
tratamiento
Estudio clnico y funcin renal Estudios radiolgicos: urograma/cistografa Si cura: controles peridicos (1,3,6,12 m) Si no cura: tratamiento por 6 meses.
Descartar Tuberculosis
Controversias:
Infeccin Urinaria o Enfermedad Infecciosa Urinaria. Importancia de su localizacin? Tratamiento corto o Tratamiento Largo.
Complicada No complicada
tract infectionmost common source of bacteremia, a dangerous systemic infection in longterm care facilities times more likely to in catheterized
Bacteremia40
Bacteremia
H & P, contd
Age-related Risk Factors for UTI
Diabetes or immunosuppression Benign prostatic hypertrophy Bladder or prostate cancer Urinary tract obstruction Spinal cord injury
Mahan-Buttaro, Aznavorian & Dick, 2006
Estrogen deficiency Prostatic obstruction Diabetes Diabetes Gynecological diseases Urological/surgical procedures cystocele & related surgical procedures
H & P, contd
Primary diagnostic and treatment focus in research studies have been related to the elderly female population
Swart, Soler & Holman, 2004
of an earlier UTI same pathogen Re-infection UTI occurs >4 weeks after earlier UTI different pathogen
Diagnostic Criteria
Pyuria
A host response to infecting bacteria causing an increase of white blood cells or pus in the urine Associated with presence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs in elderly Level of pyuria is when infected with a gram negative organism Most research finds this is so common that it has questionable value in UTI detection and as an indicator for Rx in the absence of clinical symptoms
McGeer et al. (one of the most commonly used consensus criteria in LTCF for UTI detection in Canada) rejects it as being a reliable predictor of bacteriuria or symptomatic infection
Midthun, 2004 Juthani-Mehta,, 2005
Screening/Diagnosis
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
No universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis, treatment, or surveillance of UTI, specifically in LTCF residents
Treatment of ASB is associated with adverse antimicrobial effects, re-infection with organisms or increasing resistance
Nicolle, et al., 2005
Screening/Diagnosis
Infectious Disease Society of America: Guidelines for Dx & Rx of ASB in adults
1. ASB Dx based on results of a culture from clean-catch specimen (* important to minimize contamination)
Women: bacteriuria = 2 consecutive voided urine samples w/isolation of same strain in cfu/mL >100,000 Men: bacteria = single, clean-catch specimen with 1 bacterial species isolated in > 100,000 cfu/mL Both: single catheterized urine specimen with 1 bacterial species isolated in a count of > 1,000 cfu/mL
Screening/Diagnosis
Guidelines, continued 2. Pyuria accompanying ASB not an indication for antimicrobial Rx (A-2) 3. Pregnant women should be screened in early pregnancy, at least once & treated if positive (A1) 4. Screening of ASB & Rx if positive before these urological procedures:
Transurethral resection of prostate (A3) Procedures anticipated to cause possible mucosal bleeding (A-3)
Screening/Diagnosis
Guidelines, continued
5. No screening for ASB: (A-1 & A-2 strongly recommended via research evidence)
Pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women (A-1) Diabetic women (A-1) Community older adults (A-2) Institutionalized elderly (A-1) Spinal cord injury (A-2) Indwelling-catheterized patients (A-1)
6. 7.
Antimicrobial Rx of asymptomatic women with catheteracquired bacteriuria persisting 48 hrs after removed, should be considered (B-1/good) No screening or Rx of ASB renal transplant or solid organ transplant recipients (C-3/weak)
Infectious Disease Society of America, 2005 Nicolle et al. 2005 www.guideline.gov/summary/summary
Organism AmpC -lactamaseproducing organisms (Aeromonas spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Morganella morganii, Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuartti, Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli)
Antibiotic Cefepime
Comments Caution recommended because failure and development of resistance on therapy can occurNo activity against ESBL organisms