EE 551/451, Fall, 2007

Communication Systems

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 3

Sep. 4th, 2007

 Review of last class
 Random Process
– Stationary, Ergodic
– Mean, correlation, covariance, power spectrum density
 Gaussian Process
– Noise
– Central limit theorem
 Narrowband Noise
– In-phase and Quadrature phase N0/2 power each Gaussian
– Envelope (Rayleigh distribution) and phase (uniform)
– Ricean distribution

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 Baseband and Carrier Communication
 Baseband:
− Describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured
from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency
− Voice: Telephone 0-3.5KHz; CD 0-22.05KHz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjO_VXHxsRw&mode=related&search=
− Video: Analog TV 4.5MHz, TV channel is 0-6MHz. Digital,
depending on the size, movement, frames per second, …
− Example: wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, PCM phone
 Carrier Communication:
− Carrier: a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated to
represent the information to be transmitted. This carrier wave is usually
of much higher frequency than the modulating (baseband) signal.
− Modulation: is the process of varying a carrier signal in order to use
that signal to convey information.

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 Modulation
 Modulation
− A process that causes a shift in the range of frequencies of a signal.
 Gain advantages
− Antenna size: half of the antenna size. Thousands of miles for
baseband
− Better usage of limited bandwidth: less side lopes
− Trade bandwidth for SNR: CDMA
− Robust to inter-symbol-interference (multipath delay)
− Robust to errors and distortions
 Types
− Analog: AM (DSB, SSB, VSB), FM, Delta modulation
− Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, …
− Pulse modulation: PCM, PDM, … Fiber, phone
 Advanced:
EE 541/451CDMA
Fall 2007 (3G), OFDM (WLAN, WMAN), ….
 Double Sideband
 Modulation: time: m(t)cos(wct), freq: 0.5[M(w-wc)+M(w+wc)]
 Figure 2.4: LSB, USB, DSB
 DSB-SC: suppressed carrier, no carrier frequency
 Wc >= bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing.
 Demodulation: e(t)=m(t)(cos(wct))^2=0.5(m(t)+m(t)cos(2wct))
E(w)=0.5M(w)+0.25(M(w+2wc)+M(w-2wc))
Low pass filter to remove the higher frequency

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 DSB-SC
 Example

t→
t→

↑
ϕ( t )

ϕ( t )
t→
↑
m( t ) cos( ω c t )
↑ ↑
M(ω) F{cos( ω ct )}
π

0
ω→ 0 ωc ω→

↑
Φ (ω) Lower sideband (LSB)
Upper sideband (USB)

−ω c ωc
0 ω→

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 Frequency Conversion
 Move the signals to other
ϕ( t ) = m( t ) cos( ω C t )
frequency e 1 ( t ) = 21 m( t ) cos( ωI t )
BPF@ ωI
 Multiplying two sinusoids results
cos( ω MIX t )
in two frequencies which are the
EXAMPLE : Let m(t)
sum and difference of the be as shown.
ϕ(t)
frequencies of the sinusoids m(t) e1(t)

multiplied.
cos( αt ) cos(β t ) = 21 [cos(( α + β)t ) + cos(( α − β)t )]
t→
t→ t→
 To change the carrier frequency ωc SPECTRA
M(ω )
of a modulated signal to an
intermediate frequency ωI we use 0 ω→
an oscillator to generate a sinusoid Φ (ω)
of frequency ωMIX such that −ω c 0 ωc ω →
ωI = ω c − ωMIX .
E 1 (ω )
Then m(t)cos( ω c t ) cos( ωMIX t ) = 21 m( t )[cos(( ω c + ωMIX )t ) + cos(( ω c − ω MIX )t )]
−ωI 0 ωI ω→
= 21 m( t )[cos(( 2ω c + ωI )t ) + cos(( ωI )t )]

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 Amplitude Modulation
 Why DSB-SC not working: do not know the carrier frequency in receiver.
 The last impulse functions indicate that the carrier is not suppressed in this
case. For some M() shown, the modulated signal spectrum is as shown.
ϕ AM (t ) = [ A + m(t )] cos(ωc t )
Φ (ω ) = 12 [ M (ω − ωc ) + M (ω − ωc )] + Aπ [δ (ω − ωc ) + δ (ω + ωc )]

M(ω )

0 ω→

Φ (ω )
−ω c 0
ωc ω →

 With this type of AM the demodulation can be performed with/without a

local oscillator synchronized with the transmitter.

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 AM Example
• m(t) has a minimum value of about -0.4. Adding a dc offset of A=1 results in
A+m(t) being always positive. Therefore the positive envelope of is just
A+m(t). An envelope detector can be used to retrieve this.

A=1
m(t)
A+m(t)

0.7
1.

0.
-0.4 t→
t→

ϕ AM ( t ) = [ A + m( t )] cos(ω c t )

t→

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 AM Example (cont.)
 The choice of dc offset should be such that A+m(t) should always be
positive. Otherwise envelope detector cannot be used, but coherent still ok
 For example, the minimum value of m(t) = -0.4 . Therefore A > |min(m(t))|
for successful envelope detection. What if A< |m(t) |.
 In the previous example let A=0.3.
A+m(t)

m(t)

0.7

0
0.
t→ t→
-0.4

ϕ AM ( t ) = [ A + m( t )] cos(ω c t )

t→

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 Modulation Index
• Let mp be the absolute negative peak of m(t).
 EXAMPLE : Single-tone modulation. Let m(t)=2sin(20t)
A ≥ mp A is the carrier amplitude.
mp
MODULATION INDEX : µ =
A
Then we see that for A ≥ m p , 0 ≤ µ ≤ 1

When µ > 1 (or A < m p ) the signal is overmodulated, and envelope detection can not be used.
(However, we can still use synchronous demodulati on).
m(t)

mp 2
mp = 2; µ = = . i) µ = 0.5 A = 4 ii) µ = 1 A = 2 t→
A A
For dc offset of 1 µ = 2.
µ =1 µ=2
µ = 0 .5

t→ t→ t→

EE 541/451 Fall 2007

 Sideband and Carrier Power

ϕ AM ( t ) = A cos( ωc t ) + m( t ) cos( ωc t )
The first term is the carrier and the second term is sidebands which contain the signal itself.
The total AM signal power is the sum of carrier power and the sideband power.
A2
Carrier power Pc =
2
Sideband power Ps = 21 Pm where Pm is the power of m(t).
The sideband power is the useful power.
useful power Ps Pm
Efficiency : η = = = .
Total power Pc + Ps A 2 + Pm

For example , let m(t) = Bcos( ωm t )

mp = B, µ = B
A
or B = µA.
B2 µ2A 2 µ2
Pm = 2
= 2
∴ η= x100%
2
2+µ
1
For µ = 1, ηmax = x100% = 33%
2 +1

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 AM Decoder
 Rectifier Detector: synchronous Coherent detection: Receiver can recover the
frequency and phase of the transmitter by PLL.
 Envelope Detector: asynchronous Error of timing causes the performance error floor

t→ t→ t→

Non-coherent receiver has 3dB worst

AM signal R
C
vc(t)
performance than coherent. Cheaper for
Non-coherent receiver, Nextel.
-

t→

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 QAM
 AM signal BANDWIDTH : AM signal bandwidth is twice the bandwidth
of the modulating signal. A 5kHz signal requires 10kHz bandwidth for AM
transmission. If the carrier frequency is 1000 kHz, the AM signal spectrum
is in the frequency range of 995kHz to 1005 kHz.
 QUADRARTURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION is a scheme that allows
two signals to be transmitted over the same frequency range.
 Equations
 Coherent in frequency
and phase. Expensive
 TV for analog
 Most modems

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 SSB Frequency

M(ω)

baseband

−2πB 2πB ω→
0

DSB
− ωc ωc ω→
0

Φ SSB (ω) SSB (Upper sideband)

SSB
− ωc ωc ω→
0

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 SSB Math
 1 + sgn( ω) 
M + (ω) = M(ω)U(ω) = M(ω)
2  =
1
2
[M(ω) + M(ω) sgn(ω)] ⇔ m + ( t ) = 21 m(t) + 21 F −1 {M(ω)} ∗ F −1 {sgn( ω)}
 
1 j  1 
F −1 {sgn(ω)} = − = ∴ m + (t) = 1
 m(t) + jm( t ) ∗ = 1
( m(t) + jm h (t ) )
jπt πt 2
 πt  2

1 1 ∞ m(λ )
wher e m h ( t ) = m( t ) ∗ = ∫ dλ
πt π − ∞ t − λ
m h ( t ) is called the Hilbert transform of m(t). M + (ω)
 1 
Similarly, we can show that m − ( t ) = 1
 m(t) − jm( t ) ∗ = 1
( m(t) − jm h ( t ) ) M − (ω)
2
 πt  2

F − 1{sgn(ω)} = M H (ω) = − j M(ω) sgn(ω)

How to generate mh(t) ?

MH (ω) = − jM(ω) sgn( ω) H(ω) = 1

M (ω) M(ω) Mh(ω)

H(ω) = H = - jsgn( ω)
M(ω) H(ω)
ω →
− j for ω > 0
= ∠πH(ω )
j for ω < 0 2

ω →
Transfer function of a Hilbert transformer − π
2

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 SSB Hilbert
• SSB signal can be expressed in terms of m(t) and its Hilbert transform

Φ SSB −USB ( ω) = ( M + ( ω − ω c ) + M − (ω + ω c ))
M + (ω − ω c ) = F -1{m + ( t )e jω t } = F -1{ 21 (m( t ) + jm h ( t ))e jω t }
c c

M − ( ω + ω c ) = F -1{m − ( t )e − jω t } = F -1{ 21 (m( t ) − jm h ( t ))e − jω t

c c

∴M + (ω − ω c ) + M − ( ω + ω c ) = F -1{ 21 (m( t ) + jm h ( t ))e jω t + 21 (m( t ) − jm h ( t ))e − jω t }

c c

{
= F -1 21 m( t )(e jω t + e jω t ) + j 21 m h ( t )(e jω t − e − jω t )
c c c c }
= F -1{m(t) cos( ω c t ) − m h ( t )sin( ω c t )}
∴ Φ SSB −USB (ω) = F -1{m(t) cos( ω c t ) − m h ( t )sin( ω c t )}

Similarly, we can show that Φ SSB −LSB (ω) = F -1{m(t) cos( ω c t ) + m h ( t )sin( ω c t )};

In general, Φ SSB (ω) = F -1{m(t) cos( ω c t ) m h ( t )sin(ω c t )} (- for USB, + for LSB )

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 SSB Generator
• Selective Filtering using filters with sharp cutoff characteristics. Sharp
cutoff filters are difficult to design. The audio signal spectrum has no dc
component, therefore , the spectrum of the modulated audio signal has a null
around the carrier frequency. This means a less than perfect filter can do a
reasonably good job of filtering the DSB to produce SSB signals.
• Baseband signal must be bandpass
• Filter design challenges
• No low frequency components

0
−ω c ωc ω →

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 SSB Generator
 Phase shift method using Hilbert transformer
 Non-causal filter, approximations

x
+
m(t)
cos(ω c ) ~
+ ϕ ssb ( t )
− π
2

Hilbert
Transformer X

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 Single Sideband (SSB)
• Purpose : to reduce the bandwidth requirement of AM by one-half. This is
achieved by transmitting only the upper sideband or the lower sidebband of
the DSB AM signal.

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 SSB Demodulation
Synchronous, SSB-SC demodulation
ϕ SSB (t ) cos(ωc t ) = [ m(t ) cos(ωc t ) ± jmh (t ) sin(ωc t )] cos(ωc t ) = 1
2
[ m(t )(1 + cos(ωct )) ± jmh (t ) sin(2ωct )]

A lowpass filter can be used to get 12 m(t ).

SSB+C, envelop detection

ϕ SSB +C (t ) = A cos(ωc t ) + [ m(t ) cos(ωc t ) + mh (t ) sin(ωc t )]
An envelope detector can be used to demodulate such SSB signals .
What is the envelope of ϕ SSB +C (t ) = ( A + m(t )) cos(ωc t )) + mh (t ) sin(ωc t ) = E (t ) cos(ωc t + θ ) ?

{Recall Acos(α ) + Bsin(α ) = ( A 2 + B 2 ) 2 cos(α + θ ), θ = − tan -1 ( BA ))

1

1 1
E(t) = (( A + m(t )) 2 + mh2 (t )) 2 = (( A2 + m 2 (t )) + mh2 (t ) + 2 Am(t )) 2
( 2 2
= A 1 + mA(2t ) + mhA2( t ) + 2 mA( t ) )
≈ A + m(t ) for A >> m(t) , A >> m h (t) .
The efficiency of this scheme is very low since A has to be large.
EE 541/451 Fall 2007
 SSB vs. AM
 Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by 67%
of the transmitted power (-4.7dBm). --In AM @100%
modulation: 2/3 of the power is comprised of the carrier; with
the remaining (1/3) power in both sidebands.
 Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a
further reduction by 50% in transmitted power
 Finally, because only one sideband is received, the receiver's
needed bandwidth is reduced by one half--thus effectively
reducing the required power by the transmitter another 50%
 (-4.7dBm (+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -10.7dBm).
 Relative expensive receiver

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 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
• VSB is a compromise between DSB and SSB. To produce SSB signal from
DSB signal ideal filters should be used to split the spectrum in the middle so
that the bandwidth of bandpass signal is reduced by one half. In VSB system
one sideband and a vestige of other sideband are transmitted together. The
resulting signal has a bandwidth > the bandwidth of the modulating
(baseband) signal but < the DSB signal bandwidth.
DSB

− ωc ωc ω→
0
Φ SSB (ω) SSB (Upper sideband)

− ωc ωc ω→
0
Φ VSB (ω) VSB Spectrum

− ωc ωc ω→

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 VSB Transceiver
m(t) ϕ VSB (ω) e(t)
ϕ VSB (ω) M( ω)
Hi(ω) LPF
Ho(ω)

2cos( ωc t )
2cos( ωc t )
Transmitter Receiver

M(ω) is bandlimite d to 2πB rad/sec

ϕ VSB (ω) = [M(ω − ωc ) + M(ω + ωc )]Hi ( ω)
E( ω) = [Φ VSB (ω − ωc ) + Φ VSB (ω + ωc )]
= [Hi (ω − ωc )M( ω − 2ωc ) + Hi (ω + ωc )M(ω) + Hi (ω − ωc )M( ω) + Hi (ω + ωc )M(ω + 2ωc )]
High freq. term High freq. term
∴ M(ω) = E( ω)H o ( ω) = [Hi ( ω + ωc ) + Hi (ω − ωc )]M(ω)H o (ω)
+ [Hi ( ω − ωc )M( ω − 2ωc ) + Hi (ω + ωc )M(ω + 2ωc )]H o ( ω)
Lowpass filter removes this.
Thus we should have [Hi (ω + ωc ) + Hi (ω − ωc )]Ho (ω) = 1 for ω ≤ 2πB
1
OR H o (ω) =
Hi (ω + ωc ) + Hi ( ω − ωc )

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 Other Facts about VSB
 Envelope detection of VSB+C
 TV:
 DSB, SSB and VSB
– DSB bandwidth too high
– SSB: baseband has low
frequency component, receiver
cost
– Relax the filter and baseband
requirement with modest increase
in bandwidth

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 Comparison

 Common types & modulated signal

1. AM: sAM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )]cos(2 f c t )
2. DSB: sDSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )
3. QAM: sQAM (t )  Ac m1 (t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac m2 (t ) sin(2 f c t )
4. SSB: sSSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac mˆ (t ) sin(2 f c t )
5. VSB: sVSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac m% (t ) sin(2 f c t )
 Complex domain representation:
s (t )  Re{g (t )e j 2 fct },
complex envelop: g (t )  ?
 Bandwidth: Bm  B  2 Bm (Bm : message bandwdith)

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 AM Broadcasting
 History
 Frequency
– Long wave: 153-270kHz
– Medium wave: 520-1,710kHz, AM radio
– Short wave: 2,300-26,100kHz, long distance, SSB, VOA
 Limitation
– Susceptibility to atmospheric interference
– Lower-fidelity sound, news and talk radio
– Better at night, ionosphere.

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 Superheterodyne vs. homodyne
 Move all frequencies of different channels to one medium freq.
– In AM receivers, that frequency is 455 kHz,
– for FM receivers, it is usually 10.7 MHz.

– Filter Design Concern

– Accommodate more radio stations
– Edwin Howard Armstrong

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 Television
Digital Display (CRT)
Analog Display (TV)

Eliminate flicker effects

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Deflection Signal and Synchronization
Deflection signal and synchronization signal

525×525 ×30=8.27M

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 Solar Power and Human Eye

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 RGB, LIQ

mL=0.3mr+0.59mg+0.11mb
mI=0.6mr+0.28mg-0.32mb
mQ=0.21mr-0.52mg+0.31mb

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 Bandwidth

VSB and QAM

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 Comb Filtering

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 NTSC, PAL, and SECAM
 National Television System Committee
– Low complexity, higher vertical color resolution
– 525 line/60Hz(30frames per second)
 Phase Alternative Line: PAL
– The phase of the color components is reversed from line to line
– Robust to Multipath, phase distortion
– 625line/50Hz(25 frames per second), slightly larger bandwidth
 SECAM
– Requires the receiver to memorize the content of each line
 Mono when used for different standards

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TV standards in the world

EE 541/451 Fall 2007