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Statistics...
A set of mathematical procedures for describing, synthesizing, analyzing, and interpreting quantitative data the selection of an appropriate statistical technique is determined by the research design, hypothesis, and the data collected
descriptive statistics... permit the researcher to describe many pieces of data with a few indices
statistics... indices calculated by the researcher for a sample drawn from a population
graphs... representations of data enabling the researcher to see what the distribution of scores look like
1. Graphs
measures of central tendency... indices enabling the researcher to determine the typical or average score of a group of scores
mode... the score attained by more participants than any other score
median... the point in a distribution above and below which are 50% of the scores
measures of variability... indices enabling the researcher to indicate how spread out a group of scores are
3. Measures of variability
range... the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution
quartile deviation... one half of the difference between the upper quartile (the 75%ile) and the lower quartile (the 25%ile) in a distribution
variance... a summary statistic indicating the degree of variability among participants for a given variable
standard deviation... the square root of variance providing an index of variability in the distribution of scores
most scores are near the mean and, the farther from the mean a score is, the fewer the number of participants who attained that score the same number, or percentage, of scores is between the mean and plus one standard deviation as is between the mean and minus one standard deviation
measures of relative position... indices enabling the researcher to describe a participants performance compared to the performance of all other participants
percentile rank... indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score
z score... a statistic expressing how far a score is from the mean in terms of standard deviation units
T score... a transformed z score that voids negative numbers and decimals by multiplying the z score by 10 and adding 50
measures of relationship... indices enabling the researcher to indicate the degree to which two sets of scores are related
5. Measures of relationship
correlations determines whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables the degree of the relationship is expressed as a coefficient of correlation
the presence of a correlation does not indicate a cause-effect relationship primarily because of the possibility of multiple confounding factors
Correlation coefficient
0.00
+1.00
Spearman Rho... a measure of correlation used for rank and ordinal data
Pearson r... a measure of correlation used for data of interval or ratio scales assumes that the relationship between the variables being correlated is linear
Mini-Quiz
True and false the analysis of the data is as important as any other component of the research process
True
True and false descriptive statistics are normally computed separately for each group in a research study
True
True and false every instrument administered must always be scored accurately and consistently, using the same procedures and criteria
True
True and false tentative scoring procedures must always be tried out beforehand by administering the instrument to the study participants
False
True and false a computer should not be used to perform an analysis that a researcher has never completed by hand or, at least, studied extensively
True
True and false the first step in data analysis is to describe, or summarize, the data using descriptive statistics
True
True and false the number resulting from the computation of a measure of central tendency represents the typical score attained by a group of participants
True
True and false the mean is the most precise, stable index of typical performance that is especially useful in situations in which there are extreme scores
False
True and false unless a correlation coefficient is used to compute the reliability of an instrument in a causalcomparative or experimental study, a correlation coefficient is only computed in a correlation study
True
True and false plus and/or minus two standard deviations includes more the 99% of the scores
False
True and false standard scores are rarely used in research studies
True
True and false to test a hypothesis adequately, more than descriptive statistics are normally needed
True
True and false if the extreme scores are at the upper, or higher, end of the distribution, it is said to be positively skewed
True
True and false the median of a set of scores corresponds to the 50% percentile
True
True and false a standard score is a measure of relative position that is appropriate when the data represent a nominal scale
False
True and false a z score expresses how far a score is from the mean in terms of standard deviation units
True
True and false the Spearman Rho is the appropriate measure of correlation when the variables are expressed as ranks instead of scores
True
True and false the assumption associated with the application of Pearson r is that the relationship between the variables being correlated is linear
True
Fill in the blank statistics which permit the researcher to describe many scores with a small number of indices
descriptive statistics
Fill in the blank the values calculated for a sample drawn form a population
statistics
Fill in the blank a convenient way to describe a set of data with a single number
measures of central tendency
Fill in the blank the index of central tendency appropriate for nominal data
mode
Fill in the blank the index of central tendency appropriate for ordinal data
median
Fill in the blank the index of central tendency appropriate for interval or ratio data
mean
Fill in the blank the score attained by more participants than any other score
mode
Fill in the blank the point in a distribution above and below which are 50% of the scores
median
Fill in the blank the difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution
range
Fill in the blank the measure of variability identifying one half of the difference between the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile
quartile deviation
Fill in the blank the measure of variability used for interval and ratio data
standard deviation
Fill in the blank the only appropriate measure of variability for nominal data
range
Fill in the blank +/- 1.00 standard deviations constitutes ____ % of the sample
68%
Fill in the blank extreme scores at the lower end of the distribution indicates a ______ skewed distribution
positively
Fill in the blank indices describing where a score is in relation to all other scores
measures of relative position
Fill in the blank indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score
percentile ranks
Fill in the blank if a set of scores is transformed into a set of z scores, the new distribution has a mean of ____ and a standard deviation of ____
zero; one
Fill in the blank a set of standard scores that divide a distribution into nine parts
stanines
Fill in the blank the most appropriate measure of correlation when the sets of data to be correlated represent either interval or ratio scales
Pearson r