MODULE NO.

2
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC LAWS FARADAYS LAW LENZS LAW AMPERES LAW FLEMINGS LAW
OBJECTIVE:

To explain the laws governing the electromagnetic principle

FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html

Faraday's law is a fundamental relationship which comes from Maxwells equations. It serves as a succinct summary of the ways a voltage (or emf) may be generated by a changing magnetic environment. The induced emf in a coil is equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux times the number of turns in the coil. It involves the interaction of charge with magnetic field.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html

LENZS LAW
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faradays Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html

Lenz's Law states: An electromagnetic field interacting with a conductor will generate electrical current that induces a counter magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field generating the current.
A more elaborate experiment that demonstrates the same scientific principles can be done with a solenoid wrapped around a pop can. When the switch is closed, a capacitor in the circuit is discharged through the solenoid. Since the current varies in time, the magnetic field in the solenoid and the magnetic flux defined in the solenoid will vary in time. This variable flux also passes through the can inside the solenoid, inducing in it a current in opposite direction of the current through the solenoid (Lenz's Law). The two antiparallel currents repel each other, and since the solenoid is fixed the can will be crushed.
http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm

AMPERES LAW

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current which serves as its source, just as the electric field in space is proportional to the charge which serves as its source. Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the length element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed in the loop.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/amplaw.html

FLEMINGS RIGHT-HAND RULE Fleming's right hand rule (for generators) shows the direction of induced current flow when a conductor moves in a magnetic field. The right hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger mutually at right angles, as shown in the diagram . The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor. The First finger represents the direction of the Field. The Second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated Current (in the classical direction, from positive to negative). http://www.answers.com/topic/fleming-s-right-hand-rule

FLEMINGS LEFT-HAND RULE Fleming's left hand rule (for electric motors) shows the direction of the thrust on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field. The left hand is held with the thumb, index finger and middle finger mutually at right angles. The First finger represents the direction of the Field. The Second finger represents the direction of the Current (in the classical direction, from positive to negative. The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust or resultant Motion. http://www.answers.com/topic/fleming-s-left-hand-rule