Telephone: Intro.

and
Historical Perspective
ENGR. EDELITO A. HANDIG UE-ECE DEPARTMENT

A Communication System

A Communication System

Telephone System

Telephone

The word Telephone comes from the Greek words Tele; meaning from afar, and Phone; meaning sound, voice, or voiced sound. Telephone: an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of human voice, at a great distance, by means of electricity; consisting of transmitting and receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current.

Telephony

Telephony: the branch of electrical communication dealing with the transmission and reception of sounds especially over wires. Telephony: the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties.

Invention of Telephone???
Alexander Graham Bell with a prototype telephone, 1876. The single-port design required the user to alternately speak into and then listen through the same hole.

Basic function of a telephone

1. It requests the use of the telephone system when the handset is lifted. 2. It indicates that the system is ready for use by receiving a tone, called the dial tone. 3. It sends the number of the telephone to be called to the system.

Basic function of a telephone

4. It indicates the state of a call in progress by receiving tones indicating the status (ringing, busy, etc.). 5. It indicates an incoming call to the called telephone by ringing bells or other audible tones. 6. It changes speech of a calling party to electrical signals for transmission to a distant party through the system.

Basic function of a telephone

7. It changes electrical signals received from a distant party to speech for the called party. 8. It automatically adjusts for changes in the power supplied to it. 9. It ensure that a small amount of the transmitted signal is fed back to the speaker. 10. It signals the system that a call is finished when a caller hangs up the handset.

Basic parts of a telephone

Functional block of a telephone

Timeline:

Smoking Up: In the B.C.s, smoke signals were sent out using fire and some smoke signal equipment. It is said that a fellow named Polybius (a Greek historian) came up with a system of alphabetical smoke signals in the 100s B.C., but there are no known recorded codes.

Timeline:
Wild Horses: 1850s in the U.S., the fastest way to send a message from ones home to someone elses home was by Pony Express. Telegraph: In 1844, Samuel Morse : The first words sent over the telegraph were What has God wrought! The Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, whose first words on the phone were, Mr. Watson, come at once, I need you.

Timeline:
1627: Francis Bacon predicted the telephone in his book New Utopia; but only described a long speaking tube. 1667: Robert Hooke invented a string telephone that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations. 1729: English chemist Stephen Gray transmitted electricity over a wire. 1746: Dutchman Pieter van Musschenbroek and German Ewald

Timeline:
1753: physician Charles Morrison, suggested that electricity might transmit messages. 1800: Alessandro Volta produced the first battery. 1820: Danish physicist Christian Oersted demonstrated electromagnetism. 1830: the great American scientist Professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal.

Timeline

1837: Samuel Morse invented the first workable telegraph. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. 1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a speaking telegraph transmitting speech electrically. 1854: Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone. 1861: Philipp Reis constructs the first speech-transmitting telephone.

Timeline
1871: Antonio Meucci files a patent at the U.S. Patent Office for a device he named "Sound Telegraph. 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "voice like sounds", but not clear speech. 1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and builds an electro-dynamic receiver, but does not exploit it.

Timeline
1875: Bell's U.S. Patent for his "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. 1876: Alexander Graham Bell US Patent No. 174,465, issued on March 3 for Telephone; "Improvements in Telegraphy. 1876: Elisha Gray applies for a similar patent hours after Bell. He designs a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.

Timeline

1877: Bell's U.S. patent is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell. 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter for telephone. 1877: The first permanent outdoor telephone wire, covered a distance of three miles. 1878: The workable exchange enabled calls to be switched among any number of

Timeline
1879: Telephone subscribers began to be designated by numbers rather than names. 1880s: Long distance service was established and grew using metallic circuits. 1888: The common battery system, developed by Hammond V. Hayes, permitted a central battery to supply all telephones on an exchange.

Timeline
1889: The first automatic telephone switching system by Almon B. Strowger 1891: The first automatic dial system was patented by Strowger. 1897: Marconi patents complete wireless telegraph system. 1900: The first coin telephone was installed.

Timeline
1906: Dr. Lee De Forest, began work on applying what was known as an "audion," a three element vacuum tube, which could amplify radio waves, to telephony. 1915: Bell System completes the transcontinental telephone line with electronic repeaters. 1920: First Western Electric Panel switch. 1920-28: Carson, Nyquist, Johnson,

Timeline
1927: The "French" phone, with the transmitter and receiver in a single handset, was developed by the Bell System was released on a widespread basis. 1927: Transatlantic service from New York to London became operational, transmitted by radio waves. 1936: Research on electronic telephone exchanges began in Bell Labs and was ultimately perfected in the 1960s with

Timeline
1937: Alec Reeves conceives pulse code modulation (PCM). 1946: First commercial mobile telephone service. 1946: Transmission via coaxial cables was accomplished. 1947: Microwave radio transmission was used for long-distance telephony.

Timeline
1947: The transistor, a key to modern electronics, was invented at Bell Labs by a team consisting of William Schockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen. 1950: Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is applied to telephony; Hamming presents the first error correction codes. 1951: the trial of customer-dialed DDD (Direct Distance Dialing) begins

Timeline
1955: The laying of transatlantic telephone cables began. 1955: J. R. Pierce proposes satellite communication system. 1958: All Number Calling (ANC) instituted to handle consumer demands for individual telephone numbers. 1962: Telstar, the world's first international communications satellite.

Timeline
1962-66:PCM proves feasible for voice and TV transmission; Viterbi presents new error-correcting schemes; adaptive equalization is developed. 1964: Fully electronic telephone switching system is put into service. 1968-69: Digitalization of telephone network begins.

Timeline
1973: Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola made what was probably the first cellular telephone call on a portable handset called the Dyna-Tac 1977: The cell phone had gone public. 1980-85 Modern cellular mobile networks put into service, Standardization for second generation digital cellular systems is initialized.

Timeline
1990: Optical transmission systems replace copper systems in longdistance wideband transmission 1990: commercial access to Internet and birth of VoIP. 1990-97: The first digital cellular system, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 2000: applications of Soft Switches.

Timeline
2001-05 telephony service turns to personal communication service as penetration of cellular and PCS systems increases; second generation cellular systems are upgraded to provide higher rate packet-switched data service. 2005 third generation cellular systems and WLAN technologies will provide enhanced data services for mobile users.

Standardization

Aspects of Standardizations
Standards are necessary to achieve interoperability, compatibility, and required performance in a cost-effective manner. Open standards are needed to enable the interconnection of systems, equipment, and networks from different manufacturers, vendors, and operators. Standards enable competition.

Aspects of Standardizations
Standards lead to economies of scale in manufacturing and engineering. Political interests often lead to different standards. International standards are threats to the local industries of large countries but opportunities to the industries of small countries.

Aspects of Standardizations
Standards make users and network operators vendor independent and improve availability of the systems. Standards make international services available.

Standard Organizations

Standard Organizations
Network operators support standardization for these reasons: To improve the compatibility of telecommunications systems; To be able to provide wide-area or even international services; To be able to purchase equipment from multiple vendors.

Standard Organizations
Equipment manufacturers participate in standardization for these reasons: To get information about future standards for their development activities as early as possible; To support standards that are based on their own technologies; To prevent standardization if it opens their own markets.

Standard Organizations
Service users participate in standardization for these reasons: To support the development of standardized international services; To have access to alternative system vendors (multivendor networks); To improve the compatibility of their future network systems.

Standard Organizations
Other interested parties includes: Governmental officials who are keen on having national approaches adopted as international standards. and academic experts who want to become inventors of new technological approaches.

Standard Organizations
British Standards Institute (BSI; United Kingdom), Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN; Germany), American National Standards Institute (ANSI; United States), Finnish Standards Institute (FSI; Finland).

Standard Organizations
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Standard Organizations
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Comit Consultatif International de Tlgraphique et Tlphonique, or International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT/ITU-T) Comit Consultatif International des Radiocommunications or International or Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR/ITU-R) International Standards Organization

Thank

you and GOD Bless...