Transmission Aspects for Telephony Engr. Edelito A.

Handig

Introduction
The IEEE defines Transmission as the propagation of a signal, message, or other form of intelligence by any means such as optical fiber, wire, or visual means. It provides the transport of a signal from an end-user source to the destination such that the signal quality at the destination meets certain performance criteria.

Introduction
The basic building block for transmission is the telephone channel or voice channel. CCITT voice channel: 300 and 3400 Hz. Bell Laboratories states that the optimum trade-off between economics and quality of transmission occurs when the telephone speech signal is band-limited to the range from about 200 to 3200 Hz.

QoS
The transmission engineer calls QoS as the customer satisfaction. Unit of Measurement: Loudness Rating Grade of Service

QoS
Some elements to be listed under QoS are: 1. Can connectivity be achieved? 2. Dial tone delay and Post dialing delay 3. Availability of service tones. 4. Correctness of billing. 5. Reasonable cost of service to the customer. 6. Responsiveness to servicing requests. 7. Responsiveness and courtesy of operators.

Impairments to Voice channel

Basic impairments: Attenuation distortion Phase distortion Noise Two additional impairments are: Echo and Singing

Attenuation distortion
The IEEE defines attenuation distortion (amplitude distortion) as the change in attenuation at any frequency with respect to that of a reference frequency. Attenuation distortion can be avoided if all frequencies within the pass-band are subjected to the same loss (or gain).

Phase distortion
A voice channel acts as a band-pass filter. If the phasefrequency relationship over a pass-band is not linear, phase distortion will occur in the transmitted signal. It is often measured by a parameter called envelope delay distortion. It is the derivative of the phase shift with respect to frequency. Propagation: Delay. Velocity: 16,000 km/sec to 297,600 km/sec.

Typical differential delay

Noise
Four categories: 1. Thermal noise 2. Intermodulation noise 3. Crosstalk 4. Impulse noise Solution: Increase S/N

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
S/N ratio expresses in decibels the amount by which a signal level exceeds the noise within a specified bandwidth. Voice S/N : 40 dB to 45 dB based on customer satisfaction. Ex:

Echo
In telephone systems, it is the return of a talkers voice. It affects the talker more than the listener. The cause of echo is impedance mismatches. Two factors determine the degree of annoyance of echo: its loudness and its length of delay

Singing
Singing is the result of sustained oscillations due to positive feedback in telephone amplifiers or amplifying circuits.
Echo and singing can generally be attributed to the mismatch between the balancing network of the hybrid and its two-wire connection associated with the subscriber loop.

2 wire/4 wire transmission

2W vs 4W

Thank you