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M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

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M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

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M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

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M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

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What is a
SUBSTATION ?
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Neighbors + Businesses + Social Services + Faith Groups + Government Together

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Westside Community Action . Network

Neighbors + Businesses + Social Services + Faith Groups + Government Together

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What is a substation? what does it do? how does it work?

These are excellent questions!

Lets deal with them one at a time.

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What is a substation?
An electrical substation takes electricity from a very high voltage and lowers it to the voltage we use in our homes & businesses

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What does a substation do?

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Electricity is made at a very high, powerful voltage. A substation safely changes the electricity from very high voltage to lower voltage we can use.

The electrical substation in the 1800 block of Allen Street is similar to this one.
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. Transformers step down the electricity from the high voltage needed to economically transmit the electricity. There are also complex circuit breakers, switches, relays, and capacitors. Substations have HUGE power poles to bring in the high voltage electricity. Substations operate without any workers on-site Substations are monitored by remote control. Because these are very dangerous activities and no workers are present, they have automated emergency gear. There are detectors for fire and line breaks. There is automatic fire suppression. KCP&L workers will come occasionally to do maintenance work on the substation.
These are the power lines on Troost. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

How does a substation work?

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Quick picture on how substation works

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Can a substation harm me?

The short answer is YES!

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Thats why there are fences around them. They can electrocute people. Poisonous and corrosive chemicals are inside the substation. All substations emit invisible electrical waves. Some scientists believe these waves harm us. That buzz you hear at the start of these slides is similar to the constant buzz from a substation. This can cause to headaches. We need them to cheaply transfer electricity. Substations are a part of what we call essential infrastructure
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Points to be consider while laying out SubStation

It should located at the center of gravity of load. It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. (Safetyfacilities and clearance for repairs and maintenance for abnormal occurrences such as possibilities of explosion or fire.)(Reliability- for good design and provision of suitable protective gear, etc. It should be easily operated and maintained It should involve minimum capital cost.

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Classification of Sub-Stations
According to service requirement i. Transformer sub-stations ii. Switching sub-stations iii. Power factor correction sub-stations iv. Frequency changer substations v. Converting sub-stations vi. Industrial sub-stations

According to constructional features i. Indoor sub-stations ii. Outdoor sub-stations iii. Underground sub-stations iv. Pole mounted substations

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Classification of Sub-Station According to service requirement

Transformer sub-stations Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of electric supply. Switching sub-stations They simply perform the switching operations of power lines. Power factor correction sub-stations Those sub-stations which improves the power factor of the system. Such sub-stations are located at receiving end of TL. Synchronous condensers are used as power factor improvement device.

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Classification of Sub-Station According to service requirement contd

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Frequency changer sub-stations Those sub-stations which change the supply frequency. Frequency change may be required for industrial utilization or export of electric power. Converting sub-stations Which change ac power into dc power with ignitron to supply for special purpose such as traction, electroplating, electric welding, etc. Industrial sub-stations Which supply power to individual industrial concerns.

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Classification of Sub-Station According to constructional features

Indoor sub-stations For voltage up to 11kV (and in some critical case up to 66kV), the equipment of the sub-station is installed indoor. Outdoor sub-stations For voltage beyond 66kV, equipments required clearance, such as between conductor and space required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipments

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Classification of Sub-Station

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According to constructional features contd

Underground sub-stations In thickly populated area; space available is limited and the cost of land is high Pole mounted sub-stations This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed overhead on H- pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest form of sub-station for voltage not exceeding 11kV (or 33kV in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.

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Underground Sub-station

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Pole-Mounted Sub-station

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PARTICULAR

Comparison between Indoor and Outdoor Substations

INDOOR SUB-STATION OUTDOOR SUB-STATION More

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SPACE REQUIRED FOR Less SUB-STATION TIME REQUIRED ERECTION

FOR More because additional Less building constructional is required Difficult due to less space Easy, space availability is available large Difficult because all the Easy because all the equipments are enclosed equipments are in full view More due construction to building Less, as no specially designed required

FUTURE EXTENSION FAULT LOCATION CAPITAL COST MAINTENANCE

Difficult as space between Easy equipments is less Less

PROTECTION AGAINST More NATURAL CALAMITIES

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Selection of site for sub-station

1. Availability of land 2. Near to load centre 3. Atmospheric pollution

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Element and performance criteria

Element: Select main equipment type, and size, to meet design requirements. Performance criteria 1 The selected equipment type meets the rating capacity size needed. Range may include but is not limited to rating required by design brief, maintenance needs, service access.

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Element and Performance Criteria

2. The equipment selected meets seismic strength requirements. Range may include but is not limited to project brief requirements, strength of equipment, seismic risk level of site, standard seismic design criteria. 3 The equipment selected meets the requirements of the environmental constraints. Range may include but is not limited to noise, visual impact, construction constraints.

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Element and Performance Criteria

Element: Develop a physical layout plan for main substation equipment. Performance criteria 1 The operation and maintenance space needs are identified and provided for in the physical design. Range may include but is not limited to space for main equipment, relay protection system, system control and data acquisition (SCADA), local service supply, access for maintenance servicing.

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Element and Performance Criteria

2 The physical layout design for the substation developed optimises space needed. Range may include but is not limited to operational, service and capacity requirements. 3 Adequate electrical clearance is provided between main equipment and earthed material. Range may include but is not limited to minimum safe distance for operation and maintenance requirements. 4. The environmental limitations are provided for in the physical design. Range may include but is not limited to noise, visual impact, access ways, emissions.
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Symbol used for Equipments in Sub-station

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M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies,

Symbol used for Equipments in Substation

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Equipments used in Sub-station

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Bus-bars Insulators Isolating Switches Circuit Breakers Power Transformer Instrument Transformers (CT & PT) Metering and Indicating Instruments Earthing Switch Lightening Arrestor Miscellaneous Items

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1. Bus bar
When number of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus-bars are used as a common electrical component. Bus-bars (are common conductor) are copper rods or thin walled tubes and operate at constant voltage Hence any fault taking place on the bus bar will result into complete black out. The most commonly used bus-bar arrangement Single bus-bar arrangement Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation Double bus-bar arrangement

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1.a Single bus-bar arrangement

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1.b Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation

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1.c Double bus-bar arrangement

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1.d Ring bus bar system

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Types of Bus Bar

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Voltag Size for Size for e Strain Rigid type type 66kV 37/2.79 40 mm mm 132k 37/4.27 65 mm Two types V mm Strain type 220k 61/ 3.99 80 mm similar to overhead transmission line V mm 400k or 61/4.27 100 mm ACSR conductors aluminium conductors are supported by V mm strain type insulators The tension in conductor is limited up to 900kg.

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Types of Bus Bar

Rigid type This bus bars are hollow aluminium pipes general supported by pedestal insulators The main advantage of rigid type of bus bar is the clearance between the conductors remain same, also the maintenance is easy as the connections are not very high from the ground. Due to its large diameter, the corona effect is less Limitations high cost and require large space

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2. Insulator
Purpose of insulator They support the conductors(or bus-bars) Confine the current to the conductors Material used for insulator Porcelain, glass Types of insulators Pin, suspension, strain, shackle, post etc. Post insulator is used for bus-bars. A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that the bus-bars are directly bolted to the cap.
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3. Isolating switches (Isolator)

It is used to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. Its an knife switch , designed to open a circuit under no load (no current) (only). The entire sub-station had been divided into V-section

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4. Circuit Breaker
Is used to open or close the circuit under normal as well as fault conditions. It is so designed to operate manually (or by remote control ) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition, for which relay circuit is used. Voltage Up to 66kV bulk oil circuit breaker Above 66kV low oil circuit breaker For still higher voltage level, SF6, vacuum or air blast circuit breaker is used

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5. Power Transformer
Used to step-up or step-down the voltage Now a days 3 phase transformer is used, although 3 single phase bank of transformer could also be used to Advantages of using 3 phase transformer Only one 3-phase load-tap changing mechanism can be used Installation is much simpler than the three single phase transformer For ratings up to 10 MVA, naturally cooled, oil immersed transformer is used For higher ratings, air blast cooled transformer is used
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6. Instrument Transformer (IT)

The lines in sub-station operates at high voltage and carry current thousands of amperes. While measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low voltages(generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the power lines. Thus instrument transformer is used. The function of these instrument transformer is to transfer voltage and currents in the power lines to the value which are convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and relays. Types of ITs 6.a Current Transformer (CT) 6.b Potential Transformer (PT)

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6.a Current Transformer (CT)

CT is essentially a step-up transformer which steps down the current to a known ratio. Primary of this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary consist of large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring instruments and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the line. Example- a CT rated at 100/5A is connected in the line to measure current. If the current in the line is 100 A, then current in the secondary will be 5A.

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6.b Potential/ Voltage Transformer (PT)

It is essentially a step-down transformer and steps down the voltage to a known ratio. The primary of transformer consists of large number of turns of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and relays a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage. Example- suppose PT rated at 66kV/110V is connected to a power line. If line voltage is 66kV, then voltage across the secondary will be 110V.

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Instrument Transformer (IT)

contd

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7. Metering and Indicating Instruments

There are several metering and indicating instruments (ex. Ammeter, voltmeter, energy meters etc.) installed in substation to maintain watch over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.

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8. Earthing Switch
One terminal of earthing switch is connected to the line and other is connected to the ground. The main purpose of the switch is to discharge the static charges of the line when line is open circuited.

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9. Lightening Arrestors
Lightening arrestors provides protection to sub-station equipment against the lightening stroke. Sometimes it is also called as a surge diverter. There are different types of lightening arrestors such as rod gap, horn gap, valve type and expulsion type lightening arrestor.

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10. Miscellaneous Items

In addition to above there are certain miscellaneous items such as fuses, power line carrier communication equipment, battery system, shunt reactors, capacitor bank etc.

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Layout of Sub-station
Generally there are two bus-bars, main bus bar and auxiliary bus bar. Each bus bar act separately and capable of handling entire load. The load is connected to the main bus bar, and when there is fault or maintenance carried on main bus bar then the load is transferred to auxiliary bus bar. The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to entire bus bar with the help of bus bar coupler which consists of circuit breaker and isolators.

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Layout of Sub-station

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Key diagram of 66/11kV sub-station

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Key diagram of 11kV/400V Indoor Substation

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Typical layout

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Design Considerations
The following factors should be evaluated when selecting a substation site: a. Location of present and future load center b. Location of existing and future sources of power c. Availability of suitable right-of-way and access to site by overhead or underground transmission and distribution circuits d. Alternative land use considerations e. Location of existing distribution lines f. Nearness to all-weather highway and railroad siding, accessibility to heavy equipment under all weather conditions, and access roads into the site

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Design Considerations
g. Possible objections regarding appearance, noise, or electrical effects h. Site maintenance requirements including equipment repair, watering, mowing, landscaping, storage, and painting i. Possible objections regarding present and future impact on other private or public facilities j. Soil resistivity k. Drainage and soil conditions l. Cost of earth removal, earth addition, and earthmoving m. Atmospheric conditions: salt and industrial contamination
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Design Considerations
n. Cost of cleanup for contaminated soils or buried materials o. Space for future as well as present use p. Land title limitations, zoning, and ordinance restrictions q. General topographical features of site and immediately contiguous area; avoidance of earthquake fault lines, floodplains, wetlands, and prime or unique farmlands where possible r. Public safety s. Public concern; avoidance of schools, daycare centers, and playgrounds t. Security from theft, vandalism, damage, sabotage, and vagaries of weather
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Design Considerations
u. Total cost including transmission and distribution lines with due consideration of environmental factors v. Threatened and endangered species and their critical habitat w. Cultural resources x. Possible adverse effects on neighboring communications facilities

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Other Design Considerations

Environmental Considerations Interfacing Considerations Reliability Considerations Operating Considerations Safety Considerations Maintenance Considerations

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