Blood Flagellates:

 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
 Trypanosoma cruzi
 Leishmania spp.
Blood and tissue parasites:
Toxoplasma gondii
Trypanosoma b. gambiense &T. b. rhodesiense
Life cycle
Trypanosoma b.gambiense
&T.b.rhodesiense
Life cycle
 Trypanosoma b.gambiense
&T.b.rhodesiense
Thin blood film containing
Trypomastigote stage:
 “S” shape
 Have small Kinetoplast near
blunted, posterior end .
 Conspicuous undulating membrane
with flagellum.
 One nucleus
 This is Dividing stage in definitive
host.
------------------------------------------------
 Infective stage: Trypomastigote

Disease: African trypanosomiasis

or sleeping sickness.
Vector: Glossina spp. ( Tsetse fly)
Drug of choice: Melarsoprol,
Suramin, Pentamidine,
Eflornithin.
Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
Trypanosoma cruzi
 Trypanosoma cruzi
Thin blood film containing Trypomastigote
stage:
Size range: 12-35 um long by 2-4 um wide.
 Shape: “C” or ”U” in stained blood films.
 Appearance: Long and slender
 Nucleus: One, located anterior to the
kinetoplast.
 Large Kinetoplast near the pointed posterior
end.
 Inconspicuous undulating membrane.

-----------------------------------------------
 Infective stage: Trypomastigote
 Vector: Triatoma spp. (Triatomid bug).
 Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
( chagas’ disease).
 Trypanosoma cruzi
Amastigotes in stained rat
skeletal muscle section:
Intracellular Amastigotes.
 Size range: 3 by 5 um.
 Shape: Round to oval
 Nucleus: One, usually off center.
 Other feature: Present Kinetoplast

This is the dividing stage in host.

-----------------------------------------------
 Infective stage: Trypomastigote
 Vector: Triatoma spp. ( Triatomid
bug).
 Disease: American Trypanosomiasis
(chagas’ disease).
 Trypanosoma cruzi
 Epimastigotes in culture:
Size range: 9-15 um
Appearance: Long and slightly
wider than promastigote form.
Nucleus: One, located in posterior
end.
Other features:
Kinetoplast located anterior to the
nucleus.
Undulating membrane: Extending
to the half of body length.
Free flagellum, extending from
anterior end.
 Leishmania sp.
 Leishmania tropica ( causes cutaneous
leishmaniasis ).
 Leishmania braziliensis ( causes muco-
cutaneous leishmaniasis).
 Leishmania donovani ( causes visceral
leishmaniasis)
Leishmania sp.
 Leishmania tropica
Promastigotes
Promastigote in culture:
Size range: 9-15 um
Appearance: Long and slender.
Nucleus: One, located in or near center.
Other features: Kinetoplast, located in
anterior end.
Single free flagellum, extending from
anterior end.
-----------------------------------------------
Infective stage: Promastigote
Diagnostic stage: Amastigote culture from
skin lesion.Immunological techniques.
Disease: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Also
known as Old World leishmaniasis,
Oriental sore,and Baghdad or Delhi
boil).
Vector: Phlebotomus spp. (Sandfly)
 Leishmania braziliensis
Promastigote

 Skin ulcer smear

(Amastigotes):
 Size range: 3 by 5 um.
 Shape: Round to oval
 Nucleus: One, usually off center.
 Other feature: Present Kinetoplast

-----------------------------------------------
Infective stage: Promastigote.
Diagnostic stage: Amastigotes in stained
Biopsy of the infected ulcer
Disease: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Vector: Lutzomyia spp. (sandfly).
 Leishmania donovani
Amastigotes

Bone Marrow aspirate

Showing Amastigotes:
 Size range: 3 by 5 um.
 Shape: Round to oval
 Nucleus: One, usually off center.
 Other feature: Present
Kinetoplast.
-----------------------------------------------
Infective stage: Promastigote.
Diagnostic stage: Amastigotes in
stained aspirate of the infected
bone marrow.
Disease: Visceral leishmaniasis
Vector: Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly).
 Toxoplasma gondii

 Disease: Toxoplasmosis.
 Location in host: Trophozoite(Tachyzoite)stages are
found in various cells, tissues, and fluids. Cyst
(Bradyzoite) stages occur in the central nervous system, as
well as in the skeletal and cardiac muscles and other
visceral organs.
 Definitive host : Cats
 Intermediate host: mice, rats, and accidentally humans.
 Infective stage: Oocyst
 Diagnostic stage: Based mainly on symptoms and use of
serological techniques.
Toxoplasma gondii
life cycle1
Toxoplasma gondii life cycle2
 Toxoplasma gondii
Bradyzoites
 Mouse brain sections show
Bradyzoites cyst:
 General comment: Slow-
growing morphological form.
 Size: Smaller than tachyzoites.
Other feature: Hundreds to
thousands of bradyzoites
enclose themselves to form a
cyst that may measures 12-100
um in diameter.
 Toxoplasma gondii
Tachyzoites
 Slide shows infected Peritoneal
fluid of mouse
 General comment: Actively
multiplying morphologic
form.
 Size : 3-7 um by 2-4 um
 Shape: Crescent shaped,
often more rounded on
one end and tapered from
another end.
 No. of nuclei: One
 No Kinetoplast in this
parasite.