Ece549 M1L2

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN
Digital Modulation
Module 1 Lecture 2 Reading: 1.4
M1 L2 2
Goal of This Lecture

Develop an understanding of digital modulation techniques and concepts.
Lecture Outline
Digital Modulation of All Kinds Constellation Diagrams Performance Measures
From Microwave and RF Design: A Systems Approach by Michael Steer 2010 by SciTech Publishing. 2009 by M. Steer. All rights reserved.
M1 L2 3
Lecture Outcomes
You will develop an appreciation for the complexity of digital modulation and be able to make the tradeoffs between modulation simplicity and hardware complexity.
M1 L2 4
Modulation Schemes
Analog modulation AM Amplitude modulation FM Frequency modulation PM Phase modulation Digital modulation FSK Frequency shift keying PSK Phase shift keying MSK Minimum shift keying (a form of FSK) GMSK Minimum shift keying using Gaussian filtered data BFSK Binary frequency shift keying BPSK Binary phase shift keying QPSK Quadrature PSK (QPSK is also referred to as quarternary PSK, quadraphase PSK, and quadra PSK) /4-DQPSK /4 Differential encoded QPSK OQPSK Offset QPSK SOQPSK Shaped Offset QPSK SBPSK Shaped BPSK FOQPSK Feher Offset QPSK 8PSK 8-state phase shift keying 3/8-8PSK 3 /8, 8-state phase shift keying 16PSK 16-state phase shift keying QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
M1 L2 5
ASK Modulation
Voltage Time
0 1 0
M1 L2 6
FSK Modulation
Voltage Time
0 1 0
M1 L2 7
PSK Modulation
Voltage Time
0 1 0
M1 L2 8
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

0 p/2 p
3p/2 2p
Quadrature: four possible phase shift amounts; therefore, each symbol carries two bits (efficient!) phase ambiguity of ordinary QPSK
x +
p/2
QPSK
Highly bandwidth-efficient
Two bits per hertz Each constellation point represents two bits. A transition from one constellation point to the next only requires one hertz of bandwidth.
0
x
p/2
I
Q
Constellation Points
p
Signal Constellation
3p/2
RF Phasor has zero amplitude for part of the time and so the modulated RF has a high PAR. Carrier recovery!
7p/4
M1 L2 9
QPSK Trajectory
Phase Shift Keying
symbols bits
1 0 1 1
I Q I Q 00
0
I Q
0 0 0
Q I Q
Complex Phasor Plane:
10
01
11
M1 L2 10
QPSK Modulation Problem

3 00 Q
B
2
10 1 I
Two Big Problems: 1.
01
11
The trajectory goes through zero. (The phasor has very small amplitude for many cycles.) Carrier recovery will loose the carrier. There must be some signal for this to work. 2. The trajectory returns on itself. This problem can be reduced by following the trajectory itself instead of the constellation points.
M1 L2 11
p/4 DQPSK
0 p/2 p
3p/2 2p
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

+
p/4 DQPSK
x
p/2
I
Q
Differential: no absolute phase reference; each symbol is referenced only against the previous symbol
this greatly simplifies the decoder!
p/4
p/2
3p/4
p/4
p/4 DQPSK p Signal Constellation

5p/4 3p/2 7p/4
Quadrature: four possible phase shift amounts; therefore, each symbol carries two bits (efficient!)
0
p/4: additional phase shift resolves phase ambiguity of ordinary DQPSK
highly bandwidth-efficient
M1 L2 12
p/4 DQPSK
Constellation rotates from symbol to symbol to avoid going through the origin.
SYMBOL 1 I
3p/4
SYMBOL 2 I
p/4 p/2
3p/4
SYMBOL 3 I
p/4
5p/4
7p/4 3p/2
5p/4
7p/4
The information is in the transition.

M1 L2 13
/4-DQPSK Modulation
Time-domain representation of a /4-DQPSK modulated signal using an NRZ data sequence.
time
SPECTRUM:
FLAT SPECTRUM IN-BAND SPECTRALLY EFFICIENT
frequency
M = main channel
frequency
M1 L2 14
Offset QPSK
Q
M1 L2 15
GMSK Modulation
M1 L2 16
QAM Modulation
M1 L2 17
Shaped Offset QPSK (SOQPSK)

Q
M1 L2 18
Adjacent Channel Power Ratio

LOWER UPPER CHANNEL ADJACENT ADJACENT CHANNEL OVERLAP OVERLAP CHANNEL
-30
30
LOWER ADJACENT CHANNEL

10 0 -10
MAIN CHANNEL
UPPER ADJACENT CHANNEL
-17.5 -12.5 12.5 17.5
f1
f4
POWER IN LOWER ADJACENT CHANNEL POWER IN MAIN CHANNEL
SPECTRUM (dB)
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -2.45
ACPRL=
f2
-1.96 -1.47 -0.98 -0.49 0.00 0.49 FREQUENCY (MHz)
f3
0.98 1.47 1.96 2.45
M1 L2 19
Signal Quality Measures

Analog Radio: Signal to noise ratio S/N
S = Signal power N = Total noise power
Digital Radio: Use Bit Error Rate Bit Error Rate: Eb/No = (S/N)(BN/Rb) (Approximate)
Eb = Energy per bit No= Noise per bit N = Total noise power S = Signal power BN = Noise bandwidth Rb = Bit Rate Difference is because of processing gain, e.g. error correction bits can be added to digital signal transmitted so that some of the bit errors in the received signal can be corrected. Other error control techniques are available.
Example: TDMA Cellular

BW = 30 KHz Rb = 10 KHz Processing Gain = 10 Log (30/10 ) = 4.7 db
M1 L2 20
Comparison of QPSK and FSK

Power Spectral Density QPSK vs. FSK 0 -10
dB
Power Spectral Density QPSK main lobe narrower than FSK

QPSK better for high capacity applications such as voice channels of TDMA cellular
FSK QPSK
-20
FSK side lobes roll of faster than QPSK

FSK better for control channel use
-30
-40 -50 fc
Other Observations:
FSK modulation simpler to implement. With filtering, both methods have attenuation >26 db on adj. ch.
fc+1fbit
Frequency
fc+2fb
fc+3fb
fc+4fb
BER
1 0.01 0.0001 1E-6 1E-8 1E-10 1E-12 1E-14 1E-16 1E-18 1E-20
BER Performance Comparison QPSK vs FSK FSK QPSK
BER Performance QPSK approx. 3dB better than FSK Eb/No = (S/N)(BN/R)
Eb = Energy per bit No = Noise per bit N = Total noise power S = Signal power BN = Noise bandwidth R = Bit Rate BN is the bandwidth over which the signal is spread using the modulation technique or perhaps coding. It just so happens to also be the nose bandwidth and any noise outside this bandwidth can be eliminated through digital signal processing. If the signal is spread over bandwidth BN then the noise in this bandwidth cannot be avoided. The Processing gain that derives from the redundancy in the transmitted information is (BN/R).
10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/No (db) Treat GMSK (as in GSM) as FSK; Treat pi/4 DQPSK (as in DAMPS) as QPSK.
M1 L2 21
Summary
Analog Modulation PM and FM look the same Digital Modulation Techniques that yield almost square spectra and hence high spectral efficiency. The various modulation techniques have varying effects on the type of RF hardware required.

Ece549 M1L2

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Ece549 M1L2

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Module 1 Lecture 2 Reading: 1.4

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Goal of This Lecture

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Complex Phasor Plane:

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

QPSK Modulation Problem

Two Big Problems: 1.

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

p/4 DQPSK p Signal Constellation

p/4: additional phase shift resolves phase ambiguity of ordinary DQPSK

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

The information is in the transition.

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

FLAT SPECTRUM IN-BAND SPECTRALLY EFFICIENT

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Shaped Offset QPSK (SOQPSK)

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio

LOWER ADJACENT CHANNEL

UPPER ADJACENT CHANNEL

-17.5 -12.5 12.5 17.5

-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -2.45

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Signal Quality Measures

Example: TDMA Cellular

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Comparison of QPSK and FSK

Power Spectral Density QPSK main lobe narrower than FSK

FSK side lobes roll of faster than QPSK

BER Performance Comparison QPSK vs FSK FSK QPSK

MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN

Вам также может понравиться