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During the 15th and 16th Centuries, England evolved from a feudal monarchy with tyrant kings into a constitutional monarchy with a powerful Parliament. This is the story of how this happened

 Henry VIII, King of England from 1509-1547 had 6 wives, 1st one was Catherine of Aragon, a Catholic, they had a daughter, Mary He wanted a younger woman, the Pope would not grant him a divorce, so he started the Church of England, making himself Head of the Church and divorced Catherine, to marry Anne Boleyn, a Protestant (non Catholic) He and Anne had a daughter, Elizabeth He grew bored with Anne and had her beheaded Henry wanted/needed a son, he married Jane Seymour, and they had Edward IV, a very sickly child Jane died after giving birth

 Edward IV, only son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour Crowned King of England in 1547 at the age of 9 He was a very sickly child and died at age 15, leaving no male heir to the throne

 Bloody Mary, Catholic daughter of Henry VIII, becomes queen of England in 1553-1558 begins persecution of Protestants. Shes crazy and hates Elizabeth She dies leaving no heirs

 Elizabeth I of England, Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyen Became queen in 1558 upon the death of bloody Mary Elizabeth wanted Peace in England, chose NOT to persecute Catholics in revenge Elizabeth was known as The Good Queen, The Virgin Queen, and ruled England during its Golden Age Shakespeare and exploration of the New World began during her reign Under her, England became the most powerful empire in the world Elizabeth never married and had no children, died in 1603

 James I, cousin of Queen Elizabeth, became King of England in 1603 James mother was Mary, Queen of Scots, (not the same as Bloody Mary) and they were Protestants His reign was marked by conflict with Parliament and social unrest He died in 1625, and his son, Charles I, became King

 Charles I, became King of England in 1625 Charles was Protestant, but married a Catholic, which increased religious tensions in England He began persecution of Puritans (these were Protestants who wanted to separate from the Church of England) During the first years of his reign, Parliament issued the Petition of Right, following an on-going power struggle between the two At the end of his reign, England entered a civil war and he was executed in 1647 Puritan leader, Oliver Cromwell, was named Lord and Protector of England in 1651

 Oliver Cromwell, reigned as Lord and Protector (essentially a dictator) from 1653-1658 One of the most controversial figures in British history Considered a regicidal dictator by some Others consider him a great liberator He was super religious, a devout Puritan, convinced that God was guiding his actions He brutally persecuted and murdered Catholics in Ireland and Scotland He had been buried in Westminster Abbey, but after the Royalists returned to power, they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.

 Charles II, son of Charles I, had been in exile since 1651 as he knew Oliver Cromwell would kill him Upon Cromwells death, Charles returned to the throne in 1658 and the monarchy was restored He had serious conflicts with Parliament and dissolved them in 1681 (told them they could no longer meet or make laws) He ruled alone, with no Parliament, until his death in 1685 He converted to Catholicism on his deathbed

 James II, Catholic brother of Charles II, became king upon his brothers death in 1685 James wanted absolute power and ignored Parliamentary rules He tried to pack Parliament with Catholics When he couldnt, he appointed them to the highest offices in England Protestants feared that James would begin persecuting them again They felt threatened and began plotting to overthrow him

William, Prince of Orange was a Protestant He was not a blood relative of James II Hed fought many wars against the powerful Catholic French King, Louis XIV He was viewed as a champion by Protestants who feared a Catholic domination under James II

Mary, eldest, Protestant daughter of James II and his first wife, Anne Hyde Her uncle was Charles II Her father converted to Catholicism in 1669, but she and her sister remained Protestant Her cousin was William of Orange To appease Protestants in England, her father, James II, betrothed her to William of Orange They were married in 1677

James II tried to establish Freedom of Religion to nonAnglicans (Catholics) by suspending acts of Parliament Parliament and Protestants wanted him Out In 1688, Parliament secretly requested that William of Orange return to England to remove James II In exchange, Parliament would name him, and his wife, King and Queen

William and Mary ruled England from 1688 till 1694 In 1689, Parliament issued the English Bill of Rights England had removed a bad monarch in a bloodless revolution and further limited the power of the monarchy in writing