KINEMATICS OF CAM

CAM
Definition- Cam is a mechanical member used for transmitting desired motion to a follower by direct contact. Cam may be rotating, reciprocating or oscillating where as the follower may be reciprocating or oscillating. Complicated output motions which are otherwise difficult to achieve can be easily produced with the help of cam The cam and follower have line or point contact and coming under higher pair Application: IC engine, automatic machines, machine tools,paper cutting machine & textile machine Necessary elements of cam mechanism are: Cam: The driving member is known as cam Follower: The driven member is known as follower Frame: It supports the cam and guides the follower

1. 2. 3.

Examples for cam

In IC engines to operate the inlet and exhaust valves

Classification of Cams
Cams are classified according to : (a) Shape (b) Follower movement (c) manner of constraint of the follower

(a)According to Shape
1. Wedge and Flat Cams 4. Cylindrical Cams 7. Spherical Cams 2. Radial or Disc Cams 5. Conjugate Cams 3. Spiral Cams 6. Globoidal Cams

(b)According to Follower movement

1. Rise-return-rise (RRR) 3. Dwell-rise-dwell-return-Dwell (DRDRD) 2. Dwell Rise-return Dwell (DRRD) 4. Dwell-rise-dwell (DRD)

(c)According manner of constraint of the follower

1. Pre-loaded Spring Cam 3. Positive Drive Cam 2. Gravity Drive Cam

(a)According to Shape
1.Wedge and Flat Cams

2. Radial or disc cams

3. Spiral Cams

4. Cylindrical Cams

5. Conjugate Cams

6. Globoidal Cams

7.Spherical cams

(b)According to Follower movement

1. Rise-return-rise (RRR) 2. Dwell Rise-return Dwell (DRRD)

3. Dwell-rise-dwell-return-Dwell (DRDRD)

4. Dwell-rise-dwell (DRD)

(c)According manner of constraint of the follower

1. Pre-loaded Spring Cam 2.Gravity Drive Cam

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3. Positive-drive cam

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Types of Follower
Cams are classified according to : (a) Shape (b) movement (c) location of line of movement

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(a)According to Shape
1.Knife edge follower 2. roller follower 3. mushroom follower

(b)According to movement
1. Reciprocating follower 2. oscillating follower

(c)According to location of line of movement

1. Radial follower 2. offset follower
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(a) according to shape:

1. Knife-edge Follower 2. Roller Follower

3. Flat or Mushroom Follower

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(b) according to movement

1. Reciprocating follower 2. oscillating follower

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(c) according to location of line of movement

1. Radial follower 2. offset follower

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Radial cam nomenclature

Follower

Pressure angle() (maximum)

Trace point

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Radial cam nomenclature

Follower

Pressure angle() (maximum)

Trace point

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Terminology of a radial cam with reciprocating follower is shown.

1. Cam profile Surface of cam which comes into contact with follower is known as cam profile 2. Base circle Smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile. Radius of base circle known as least radius of cam 3. Trace point It is reference point of follower to trace the cam profile. In knife edge follower knife edge itself is tracing point. In roller follower, centre of roller is the tracing point. 4. Pitch curve Locus of path of tracing point. For the purpose of drawing cam profile, it is assumed that cam is fixed and the follower rotates around it. 5. Prime circle The smallest circle drawn tangent to the pitch curve.

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6. Pressure angle () It is angle between the direction of follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. This angle is very important. It represent steepness of cam profile.

7. Pitch point It is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is maximum
8. Pitch circle It is the circle passing through the pitch point and concentric with base circle. 9. Cam angle It is the angle of rotation of cam for a defined displacement of follower 10. Lift or stroke It is the maximum displacement of the follower from the base circle of the cam. Also called as throw of the cam
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Displacement Diagram
Movement of the trace point against the rotation of cam through an angle is called displacement diagram.

Follower displacement (h)

Angle of cam rotation () ((one full rotation 3600 ))

It represents angular displacement of cam and represents the corresponding angular or linear displacement of follower from its initial position X-axis displacement of cam 21 Y-axis displacement of follower

1. Angle of ascent (or) out stroke angle (or) rise (0) Angle of rotation of cam from the position when follower begins to rise till it reaches its highest position. 2. Angle of dwell(d) It is angle through which the cam rotates while follower remains stationary at the highest or lowest position.

3. Angle of descent (or) return stroke angle (or) fall (R) It is angle through which the cam rotates during the time the follower return to initial position
4. Angle of action It is the total angle moved by the cam during its rotation, between the beginning of rise of follower and end of return of follower.

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Displacement Diagram for follower motion

Motion of the follower

During its travel follower may have one of the following motion
1. Uniform velocity motion 2. Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation (or) parabolic motion

4. Cycloidal motion

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1. Uniform velocity motion

The follower moves with uniform velocity during its rise and fall, the slope of the displacement curve must be constant. Velocity , v= constant

Acceleration, a=0 (constant velocity), a=dv/dt =0

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2. Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

When a body rotates on a circular path with uniform angular velocity, its projection on the diameter will have simple harmonic motion.

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3. Uniform acceleration and retardation (or) parabolic motion

There is a acceleration in the first half of follower motion where it is deceleration during second half.

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4. Cycloidal motion

There is a acceleration in the first half of follower motion where it is deceleration during second half.

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4. Cycloidal motion
h

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