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ASCII Code
Communication Control Characters: frame a text message. Format effector: control layout
ASCII Examples
ASCII A=1000001 ASCII T=1010100
ASCII Code
1011001 (Y) 1001110 (N) If the probability of a bit flipping event is 1%, what is the likely hood that 4 bits are flipped simultaneously?
Parity Bit
ASCII characters are stored one per byte (8 bits) The leftmost bit is called the parity bit A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to make the total number of 1s either even or odd.
Odd Parity
ASCII A=11000001 ASCII T=01010100
Parity Generator
The circuit that generates the parity bit in the transmitter is called a parity generator.
(Truth Table)
Parity Checker
The Circuit that checks the parity in the receiver is called a parity checker.
(1)
(1)
Hardware implementation
Review of two-terminal XOR/XNOR Three terminal XOR/XNOR Hardware Implementation
Two-terminal XOR
x = +
Equal to 1 if x and y differ in value Alternative description: equal to 1 if an odd number of variables equal to 1 Characteristics:
x 0 = x = + = = + + = +
x = +
Parity Generator
The circuit that generates the parity bit in the transmitter is called a parity generator.
(Truth Table)
Three-Terminal XOR
B equal to 1 if there is an odd number of variables equal to 1
= y z P
Since z 0 = , if P=0, the same circuit can be used as a 3-bit even parity generator.
Error Correction
Hamming Code Use check bits to correct error
Raw Data
Notation: (bit 1, bit 2, bit 3) 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Hamming Code
000000 010101 100110 110011 111000 101101 011110 001011
Blue: Check bits Black: Data bits