Global System for Mobile

System Overview

Evolution of Mobile Communication

Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really developed The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

Evolution of Mobile Communication

Land cellular mobile communication system (PLMN) has gone through 3 stages: 1. First Generation --Analog Mobile Telephone System 2. Second Generation---Digital Mobile Communication System 3. Third Generation---IMT-2000
3

First Generation --Analog Mobile Telephone System

Adopts cellular networking technology Currently practical, high capacity systems worldwide include: 1North-Americans AMPS 2North Europeans NMT-450/900 3Britains TACS Operating frequency bands locate around 450MHz and 900MHz with carrier spacing less than 30 kHz
4

First Generation --Analog Mobile Telephone System

Analog cellular mobile communication system has following fatal weaknesses: A) There is no public air interface between various systems; B) It can not adapt itself to the digitization of fixed networks, and digital bearer services are hard to develop;
5

First Generation --Analog Mobile Telephone System

C) It has a low frequency availability, thus unable to meet large capacity requirements; D) It has a low degree of safety, thus easy to be eavesdropped, and easy to be copied with false handsets. Analog cellular mobile communication system has been replaced by digital cellular mobile communication in China.
6

Second Generation Digital Mobile Communication System

Due to the various defects of analog systems such as TACS, mobile telephone systems were developed in the 1990s embodied by digital transmission, TDMA and narrow-band CDMA, which are called the second generation mobile telephone system.
7

Types of TDMA Systems

The comparatively mature and most typical system in the TDMA series are: the panEuropean GSM, American D-AMPS and the Japanese PDC. 1 DAMPS was formally launched into commerical application in 1993 after the American Electronic Industry Association (EIA) completed its technical standardization in 1989
8

Types of TDMA Systems

2The

Japanese JDC (now renamed as PDC) had its technical standards completed in 1990. It was put into service in 1993, but is restricted to Japan only. 3The special mobile communication group (SMG) of CEPT laid down the phase 1 standard of GSM in 1988, with the working frequency band around 900MHz. It was launched into commercial use in 1990.
9

Main Features of GSM (1)

(1) Spectrum efficiency: due to the adoption of
high-efficiency modulator, channel coding, interleaving, equalization and voice coding technologies, the system has a high spectrum efficiency. (2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission bandwidth of each channel, the requirement of cofrequency reuse carrier-to-interference ratio is lowered to 9dB,
10

Main Features of GSM (1)

so the cofrequency reuse mode of the GSM system can be narrowed down to 4/12 or 3/9 or even less (for a analog system, it is 7/21). GSM system capacity is 3~5 times higher than that of a TACS system.

11

Main Features of GSM (2)

(3) due to digital transmission technology, GSM system has a strong anti-interference capability compared with analog system, thus the voice quality is guaranteed. (4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided by GSM standards refer not only to air interface(Um), but also A interface and, to some degree, Abis interface.
12

Main Features of GSM (3)

(5) Security: security is guaranteed with authentification, encryption and TMSI (6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.: interconnections with other networks normally use the existing standard interfaces, such as ISUP or TUP. (7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.
13

Summary of TDMA System

The common features of the above three types of products are digitization/TDMA, good voice quality, good security, ability to transmit data, and automatic roaming. Each of these 3 types of systems has its own merits. The PDC system has a high spectrum availability, and the DAMPS system has the greatest capacity, while GSM is the most mature of all technologies. Besides, it is based on OSI, with open technical standards, thus have been applied on the greatest scale in the world..
14

N-CDMA System
The NCDMA (narrow band code division multiple access) system is a mobile communication system developed mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of IS95. The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association(TIA). This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001
15

Third GenerationIMT-2000
With the ever-lasting increase in subscribers and the development of digital communications, the second generation mobile telephone systems has gradually exposed its shortcomings: -Narrow bandwidth:unable to provide various broadband information services such as high-speed data and television pictures.
16

Third GenerationIMT-2000
With the development of sciences and technologies as well as communication services, what is needed is an integrated service system that can integrate all current mobile telephone system functions and provide multiple services
17

Features of IMT-2000
Including multiple systems; With a high degree of consistency in worldwide design; Compatibility between IMT-2000 services and fixed networks; High quality; Small portable terminals used worldwide.
18

GSM System Architecture

19

Block Diagram of GSM System

OMC Um interface BS interface Abis interface

B T S

ISDN MSC/VLR PLMN PSTN PSPDN B T S

MS

BSC
BSS(1) SC HLR/AUC EIR

BSS n

A interface Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

20

Block Diagram of GSM System

BSS: Base Station Subsystem BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC:Mobile Services Switching Center OMC:Operation and Maintenance Center AUC:Authentication Center EIR:Equipment Identification Register

21

Block Diagram of GSM System

HLR:Home Location Register VLR:Visitor Location Register MS:Mobile Station ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
22

Mobile Station
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. On any mobile station in the system, we can identify the subscriber with the SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module). The personal identification number (PIN) can be used to prevent unauthorized use of the SIM card.

23

Mobile Station
Each mobile station has its own identification number, i.e., the international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI). IMEI mainly consists of the type permission code and the related manufacturer product number. Each mobile subscriber has its own international mobile subscriber identifier (IMSI), which is stored in the SIM card and in HLR.
24

Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS)

The network and switching sub-system mainly includes switching functions of the GSM system, and database functions used for subscriber data and mobility management as well as safety management. It manages the communications among GSM mobile subscribers and those between GSM mobile subscribers and other communication network subscribers.
25

Network and Switching SubsystemNSS

26

NSS Architecture
The network sub-system is divided into six function units: Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) Home location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentification Center (AUC) Equipment Identification Register (EIR) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
27

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

As the core of a network, MSC provides switching functions, and connects mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers, or with mobile subscribers. Thus, it provides interfaces to fixed networks (such as PSTN, ISDN, etc.) and interfaces for interconnection with other MSCs.

28

Functions of MSC
MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber call requests from 3 types of databases (HLR, VLR and AUC). MSC can provides a series of services for subscribers: - Telecom services, such as phone, fax, and emergent calls
- Bearer services - Supplementary services, such as call transfer, call restriction and videoconferencing.
29

Visitor Location RegisterVLR

VLR stores all related information of mobile subscribers having entering into its coverage area, which enables MSC to set up incoming/outgoing calls. It can be taken as a dynamic subscriber database. VLR obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR of a mobile subscriber. Once a mobile subscriber leaves the coverage area of this VLR, it will be re-registered in another VLR, the temporarily recorded data of this mobile subscriber stored in the original VLR will be deleted.
30

Home Location RegisterHLR

As the central database of the GSM system, HLR stores the related data of all existing mobile subscribers controlled by the same HLR. One HLR can control several mobile switching areas or the whole mobile communication network and the important static data of all subscribers are stored in the HLR, including IMSI, access capability, subscriber type and supplementary services. Furthermore, HLR also stores and provides MSC(A) with (dynamic) information of the MSC(B) area into which a mobile station has roamed, so that any incoming call is immediately sent to the called subscriber on a selected path.
31

Authentication CenterAUC
As a function unit of HLR, AUC is specially used for security management of the GSM system. AUC stores authentication information and encryption keys for subscriber authentication, encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on radio interfaces, preventing unauthorized subscribers access and guaranteeing the safety of mobile subscriber communication.

32

Equipment Identification RegisterEIR

EIR stores the international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment. By checking 3 types of lists, i.e., white lists, black lists, and gray lists, it respectively lists the mobile equipment identifiers that are authorized, that should be monitored in case of faults, and that are unauthorized in case of theft. Service operators can use such information to locate the location of a stolen mobile station and block it.
33

BSS System Architecture

34

ZXG-10 BSS Structure

BTS BIE MS Um interface Abis interface BSC BIE OMC Q3 interface

TC: TransCoder SM: SubMultiplexing

BIE: Base station Interface Equipment

BTS

SM

SM TC

MSC A interface

BS interface Ater interface Fig.1-3 BSS Structure

35

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

It is the radio tranmission part of the base station system. Controlled by BSC, it serves cell radio transceiver equipment, handles conversion between BSC and radio channels, and performs radio transmission between BTS and MS via air interfaces as well as related control functions.
36

Base Station Controller(BSC)

As the control part of BSS, BSC performs the switching function in BSS.
- BSC may be connected with multiple BTSs at one end, and MSC and OMC at the other end. BSC mainly manages radio network and radio resources, supervises and manages radio base station, controls the establishment, connection and disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS and the location updating, hand-over and paging of mobile station, provides functions such as voice encoding, transcoding, rate adaptation, as well as the operation and maintenance functions of BSS.
37

TransCoder (TC)
TC mainly completes voice conversion between the 16kbit/s RPE-LTP (regular pulse excited long-term prediction) codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes. In a typical application pattern, ZXG10-TC is located between MSC and BSC.

38

GSM System External Interfaces

Operator OSS

BS S

GSM

39

Su b

scr
ork

ibe r

MS

Ex ter na lN etw

S NS

Functional Layers of GSM

Service carrier

OAM

Subscriber

CM MM RR Transmission

40

Functional Layers of GSM

Transmission: data transmission function, providing methods of carrying subscriber data and transmitting signalings between different entities in various segments along the communication path. RR: radio resources management, setting up and releasing stable connections between mobile stations and MSC at the call setup stage, which is mainly performed by MS and BSC;

41

Functional Layers of GSM

MM: refers to mobility and safety management, mobile station processing environment changing, making choices of cells possibly belonging to different networks, so that the calling subscriber is able to set up a valid process; infrastructures are required to manage subscriber location data (location updating);

42

Functional Layers of GSM

CM: refers to communication management, i.e., under subscriber requests, setting up connections between subscribers, maintaining and releasing calls (which can be divided into CCcall control, SSM supplementary service management, and SMS short messages service); OAM: Operation, administration and maintenance platform, providing operation methods for operators. The service is supplied by the transmission layer directly.
43

Protocol Stack Structure of GSM System

MS CM MM RR RR RR BTSM BSSAP MTP3 LAPDm Um LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP2 Abis A MTP2 BTSM SCCP BTS BSC MSC CM MM BSSAP SCCP MTP3

44

A Interface Signaling Protocol Model1

The A interface is used in the message between BSC and MSC as well as the message coming into/out of MS
Layer1Physical and electrical parameter and channel architecture, defining the physical layer structure of MSC~BSC. It is realized by employing the first level of the message transfer part (MTP) in the common channel signaling system NO.7 (CSS7), adopting 2Mbit/s PCM digital link as the transmission link
45

A Interface Signaling Protocol Model2

Layer2: defining the data link layer and the network layer, namely MTP2, MTP3 and SCCP. - MTP2 is a variant of HDLC protocol. - MTP3 and SCCP (signal connection controlling part) chiefly implement such functions as signaling route selection.
46

A Interface Signaling Protocol Model3

Layer3: Application layer, including BSS application part (BSSAP) and BSS operation and maintenance application part (BSSOMAP), maintains and manages the resources and the connections in BSS as well as controls both the connection and the disconnection of service.

47

Abis Interface Signaling Protocol Model (1)

The Abis interface complies with the requirements in 08.5X series of GSM standards. Layer1: Physical layer, usually adopts the 2Mbit/sPCM link in accordance with the specifications stipulated in ITU-T G.703 and G.704
48

Abis Interface Signaling Protocol Model (2)

The data link layer employs the LAPD protocol, which is a point to multi-point communication protocol. LAPD also utilizes the frame structure including the flag field, the control field, the information field, the check field and the flag sequence. The service access point identification (SAPI) and the terminal equipment identification (TEI) are both found in the flag field, used to discriminate respectively the service and the entity to access.
49

Frame Structure of LAPD

FLAG

ADDR CONTL

MESSAGE

FCS

FLAG

SAPI

TEI

N(S)

N(R)

50

Frame Structure of LAPD

FLAG: ADDR: FCS: SAPI: TEI: N(S): N(R): Flag Address Frame check sequence Service access point identifier Terminal equipment identifier Sending frame No. Receiving frame No.

51

Frame Structure of LAPDm

52

Abis Interface Signaling Protocol Model (3)

Layer3: The upper layer part, mainly transmitting the application part of BTS, including the radio link management (RLM) function and the operation and maintenance function. Through the Abis interface, BSC provides such signaling control information as BTS configuration, BTS monitoring, BTS testing, and service control.
53

Um Interface Signaling Protocol Model (1)

Layer1Transmission layer (physical layer), the lowest layer of Um interface, provides transmission channel for radio link and provides differently functional logic channels (control channel and traffic channel ) for higher layer.

54

Um Interface Signaling Protocol Model (2)

Layer2Data link layer, provides reliable dedicated data link for and between MS and BTS. Its based on link access protocol of D channel (LAPD), but add some protocols of mobile applications that are unique to GSM (LAPDm, the difference is that no FCS and sync flag in LAPDm)

55

Um Interface Signaling Protocol Model (3)

Layer3 application layer, mainly performs controlling and management functions. It includes three sub-layers (CM, MM and RR), each realizes call control, supplementary service management and short message management respectively.

56

GSM Wireless Operating Band

GSM900 890~915MHZ (upward) 935~960MHZ (downward) Duplex interval is 45MHZ, working bandwidth is 25MHZ, and carrier frequency interval is 200KHZ. GSMDCS1800 1710-1785MHZ (upward) 1805-1880MHZ (downward) Duplex interval is 95MHZ, working bandwidth is 75MHZ, and carrier frequency interval is 200kHZ. EGSM900: 880~915MHZ (upward) 925~960MHZ (downward)
57

Timeslot in Time-domain
and Frequency-domain

58

59

Types of Burst Pulse(1)

NB(Normal Burst): used for traffic channel and control channels except for RACH, SCH, FCCH. AB(Access Burst): Transmitted on RACH channel and used as access request made by MS to BTS. AB is the sole short BP sequence defined by GSM protocol.
60

Types of Burst Pulse(2)

SB (Synchronization Burst): Transmitted on SCH channel and used for initial synchronization seizing by MS. FB (Frequency Correction Burst) : Used for carrier frequency correction of MS. DB (Dummy Burst): Has the same format with NB, mainly used for bit filling
61

Channel types
In a GSM system, channels are divided into logical and physical channels. Time slots are basic physical channels; thus each carrier frequency contains 8 physical channels. Physical channels of radio sub-systems support logical channels which can be subdivided funcationally into traffic channels (TCH) and control channels (CCH).
62

Traffic Channel (TCH)

Traffic channel carries encoded speech or subscriber data, including full-rate traffic channel and half-rate traffic channel:
Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F): total rate is 22.8kbit/s Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H): total rate is 11.4kbit/s

1) Speech channel
TCH/FS: full-rate speech traffic channel TCH/HS: half-rate speech traffic channel

2) Data channel
TCH/F9.6: 9.6kbit/s full-rate data traffic channel
63

Control Channel
Control channel carries signaling or synchronized data. There are three types of control channels: - Broadcasting channels (BCH) Broadcasting channels are used only as downward channels, i.e., one-way transmission from the base station to mobile stations. They can be divided into three types of channels: 64

Control Channel-BCH
FCCH: frequency correction channel, carrying information used in MS frequency calibration. SCH: synchronization channel, carrying information of MS frame synchronization and base Transceiver station (BTS) identification. BCCH: broadcasting control channel; this channel broadcasts general BTS information. Among transceivers at each base station, there is always one transceiver that contains such a channel, so as to broadcast system information to mobile stations.
65

Common Control ChannelCCCH

CCCH are shared by all mobile stations in the network. There are 3 types of such channels:

-PCH: paging channels, used by a base station to page mobile

stations (downward). -RACH: random access channel, used by mobile stations for random access network application, i.e., requesting the allocation of SDCCH channels (upward). -AGCH: access granted channel, used by a base station to respond to random access requests of mobile stations, i.e., to assign one SDCCH or directly assign one TCH (downward).
66

Dedicated Control Channel(DCCH)

In application, the base station will assign it to a mobile station, so as to make point-topoint transmission between the base station and the mobile station. SDCCH: a stand-alone dedicated control channel, used to transmit such information as channel assignment.
67

Dedicated Control Channel(DCCH)

SACCH: slow-speed associated control channel, used
in combination with one traffic channel or one SDCCH, to send some specific subscriber information, e.g.,power and frame adjustment control information, measurement data, etc.

FACCH: fast associated control channel, combining

with one traffic channel to carry the same signals as SDCCH, but it is assigned only when SDCCH has not been assigned. Call connection is realized via frames borrowed from traffic channels to transmit such commands as hand-over
68

Channel Combination
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) tCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF tCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH tCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H mainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH bCCHCombined FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 bCH BCCH + CCCH sDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8 bCCHwithCBCH FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4 + CBCH sDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH

69

Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

70

Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel

51 BCCH+CCCH F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I BCCH+CCCH RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR (a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH 8 SDCCH/8 D0 D0 8 SDCCH/8 A1 A5 D1 D1 A2 A6 D2 D2 A3 A7 D3 D3 I I I I I I D4 D4 D0 D0 D5 D5 D1 D1 D6 D6 D2 D2 D7 D7 D3 D3 A0 A4 D4 D4 A1 A5 D5 D5 A2 A6 D6 D6 A3 A7 D7 D7 I I I I I I A0 A4

(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7) BCCH+CCCH F S +4SDCCH/4 F S BCCH+CCCH +4SDCCH/4 D3 D3 B B RR RR C C A2 A0 F S F S A3 A1 C C C C F S F S D0 D0 D1 D1 F S F S D2 D2 D3 D3 D0 D0 F S F S A0 A2 D1 D1 F S F S A1 A3 D2 D2 I I

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR (c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)

FFCCH BBCCH RRACH ASACCH/C

SSCH CCCCHCCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH DSDCCH Iidle

71

Channel Assignment inside Cells

Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX
TN0:FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3) +SACCH/C4(0,_,3); TN1_7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs

1TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
72

Channel Assignment inside Cells

Large-size cell with 12 TRXs
1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group: BCCH+CCCH; 5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

73

Traffic
Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can support and is usually described as follows: A=nT/3600 where, n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour T- average duration of each call(in seconds) A - Traffic, in Erlang If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as: A=1120/3600=33mErl For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
74

GOS
Grade of ServiceGOSGOS refers to the degree of network congestion or call loss rate. GOS=2% means that 98% of subscribers can make calls successfully and 2% of subscribers will end up with unsuccessfulness. For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.

75

Erlang-B Traffic Tables Abbreviated - For P.02 Grade of Service Only

#TrunksErlangs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.0204 0.223 0.602 1.09 1.66 2.28 2.94 3.63 4.34 5.08 5.84 6.61 7.4 8.2 9.01 9.83 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.2 14 14.9 15.8 16.6 17.5

#TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 18.4 19.3 20.2 21 21.9 22.8 23.7 24.6 25.5 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.2 30.1 31 31.9 32.8 33.8 34.7 35.6 36.5 37.5 38.4 39.3 40.3 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 41.2 42.1 43.1 44 44.9 45.9 46.8 47.8 48.7 49.6 50.6 51.5 52.5 53.4 54.4 55.3 56.3 57.2 58.2 59.1 60.1 61 62 62.9 63.9

#TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 64.9 65.8 66.8 67.7 68.7 69.6 70.6 71.6 72.5 73.5 74.5 75.4 76.4 77.3 78.3 79.3 80.2 81.2 82.2 83.1 84.1 85.1 86 87 88 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 88 89.9 91.9 93.8 95.7 97.7 99.6 101.6 103.5 105.5 107.4 109.4 111.3 113.3 115.2 117.2 119.1 121.1 123.1 125 127 128.9 130.9 132.9 134.8

#TrunksErlangs 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 136.8 138.8 140.7 142.7 144.7 146.6 148.6 150.6 152.6 154.5 156.5 158.5 160.4 162.4 164.4 166.4 168.3 170.3 172.4 174.3 176.3 178.2 180.2 182.2 184.2

#TrunksErlangs 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 186.2 188.1 190.1 192.1 194.1 196.1 198.1 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 213.9 215.9 217.9 219.9 221.9 223.9 225.9 227.9 229.9 231.8 233.8

#Trunks Erlangs 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 235.8 285.7 335.7 385.9 436.1 486.4 587.2 688.2 789.3 890.6 999.1 1093

76

Suggested Channel Configuration

Based on 2% GoS, Zhongxing adopts followed traffic model. TRXs 1 CCHs 1 TCHs 7 Traffic(Erl) 2.94 2 2 14 8.2 3 4 5 6 7 2 2 3 3 3 22 30 37 45 53 14.9 22 28 35.5 43
77

Training Sequence of GSM

Binary BN61 BN86

TSC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hexadecimal 970897 B778B7 10EE90E 11ED11E 6B906B 13AC13A 29F629F 3BC4BBC

00100101110000100010010111 00101101110111100010110111 01000011101110100100001110 01000111101101000100011110 00011010111001000001101011 01001110101100000100111010 1010011110110001010011111 11101111000100101110111100

78

Channel Encoding
In order to enhance channel anti-interference capacity and transmission quality, special redundancy technologies should be adopted to increase the bulk of transmitted information which can be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) at the sending end and extracted at an agreed pattern (decoding) at the receiving end. This is called the encoding/decoding process of channels. Commonly used channel coding methods are: 1) convolutional coding; 2) Fire coding; 3) parity check coding.
79

Convolutional coding
260bit/20ms

50bit(Ia) 132bit(Ib)
O/E

78bit(Ic)

50
Block coding

132

4
Protection bits

78

Fire code
53bit 189bit 136bit

+
Convolutional coder

G0
378bit

78bit

X2

X3

X4

G1

456bit

80

Channel Interleaving
In radio telecommunication, error bits often occurs in the burst pulse sequence because of deep signal fading. Check and correction of errors cannot be efficiently done merely by means of channel encoding mentioned above. Interleaving technique is thus adopted, by which the continuous bits in an information block are segmented and transmitted individually according to certain rules. That is, the originally continuous block in the transmission process becomes discontinuous, forming a group of interwoven message transmitting blocks, which are to be recovered (de-interleaving) into the original information blocks at the receiving end.
81

Block A 456bit

Block B 456bit

Block A+1 456bit

Block B+1 456bit

01 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 101112131415

0 1 23 4 5 67 8 9 101112131415

0 1 23 4 5 67 8 9 101112131415

01 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 101112131415

12 3 4 56 7 8

1 2 34 5 6 78

1 2 34 5 6 78

12 3 4 56 7 8

Odd N+4

Odd N+5 Even N+3 Even N+1 Even N+2 Even N Odd N+6 Odd N+7 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1

57 1

57 1

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

82

DTX
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. One is to lower the total interference level in the air, and the other is to save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.

83

TA
Signals sent by a base station on the broadcasting channel help mobile stations to synchronize with the base station. After connection is set up between a mobile station and the base station, the base station will make continuous tests, and provide the time advance (TA) on the SACCH channel to all mobile stations twice every second according to the BS-MSBS broadcasting delay. Mobile stations will make selfadaptive frame adjustment according to time advance so that the time of mobile station transmission to the base station matches that of base station reception.
84

Frequency Hopping(1)
To enhance system anti-interference ability, the GSM system adopts the frequency hopping technology. Frequency hopping refers to the hopping of carrier wave frequencies according to a certain sequence in a very wide frequency range. Data of control information are converted into base band signals after modulation, which are then sent into carrier wave modulation. Afterwards, the carrier frequency changes under the control of pseudo-random codes, the sequence of which is frequency-hopping sequence. Finally, when filtered by radio filter, the carrier is transmitted to and radiated by antenna.
85

transmission Information modulation Synchronous circuit receiving I n f o r m a t i o n demodulation Frequency hopping sequence generator

Up conversion

Variable frequency synthesizer

Down conversion

86

Frequency Hopping(2)
Frequency hopping is to avoid external interference. In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce co-channel interference and frequency selective fading effect by converting frequencies to an extent that interference cannot catch up with There are two frequency hopping modes: base band frequency hopping and radio frequency hopping.
87