PROJECT ON

MULTI-OBJECTIVE
THERMAL
GENERATION
SCHEDULING
PREPARED BY





AMIT VERMA -1me07ee004
SUNIL AGRAWAL -1me07ee050
TAPAS KR BAIDYA -1me07ee054
VINOD KR SINGH -1me07ee057
ABSTRACT

In the multi-objective framework, fuzzy decision-making methodology is exploited
to decide the generation schedule of a multi-objective thermal dispatch problem.
The multi-objective problem is formulated considering two objectives: (i) cost and
NO
x
emission. The solution set of such formulated problems is non-inferior due to
contradictions among the objectives considered. The weighting method is used to
simulate the trade-off relation among the conflicting objectives in the non-inferior
domain. Once the trade-off has been obtained, fuzzy set theory helps the system
operator to choose the weighting pattern and thus the operating point that
maximizes the overall satisfaction of all the objectives. The results are
demonstrated using a sample test system.

INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution is on the increase due to industrial advancement. Though technology has
made economic development possible, it at the same time produces enormous quantities of harmful
products and wastes. Also, the existing energy production processes are not ecologically clean. For
instance, thermal power plants pollute air, soil and water. The combustion of fossil fuels gives rise to
particulate material and gaseous pollutants apart from the discharge of heat to water courses. The
particulate material does not cause a serious problem in air contamination but the three principle
gaseous pollutants, oxides of carbon (CO
x
), oxides of sulphur(SO
x
), and oxides of nitrogen(NO
x
),
cause detrimental effects on human beings. The usual control practice is to reduce offensive emission
through post-combustion cleaning system such as electrostatic precipitators, stack gas scrubber, or
switching permanently to fuels with low emission potentials. Post-combustion removal system
requires time for engineering design, construction, and testing before they can be brought online.
Hence, the obvious alternative is go for fuels having low emission potentials, i.e. from coal to oil; oil
is however extremely expensive and supplies are uncertain. Thus, there is a sheer need for optimum
operating strategy, which can ensure minimum pollution level at minimum operating cost.
Weighting method
The weighting method identifies the non-inferior set, in which the best
compromise solution lies, also known as the parametric approach, has been
the most common method used for solving multi-objective problems until
recently. Multi-objective problem is converted in this method into scalar
optimization as given below:

Minimize

Where


where w
i
(i=1,2,..G) are the weighting coefficients.
1
( )
G
i i
i
w f x
=

1
1, 0
G
i i
i
w w
=
= >

x X e
GENERATOR OPERATING COST
Rs/h
2
( )
gi i gi i gi i
F P a P bP c = + +
FUZZY SET THEORY IN POWER
SYTEM
Advancements in computer technology associated with intellectual activities resulted in new fields of
inquiry such as system science, decision analysis. A mathematical formulation within which these various
types of uncertainties can be properly characterized and investigated is now available in terms of the theory
of fuzzy and fuzzy measure. In fact, one of Lofti Zadehs contribution to system modeling is the
representation of vague, incomplete knowledge that does not have a random nature and therefore cannot be
represented by a probabilistic approach. Fuzzy set theory provided a basis for the interpretation of member
function as possibility distributions, which is a very useful concept in many practical applications.
Applications of fuzzy set theory within the field of decision making have, for the most part, consisted of
extensions or fuzzifications of the classical theories of decision making. Decision making under conditions
of risk and uncertainty has been modeled by probabilistic decision theories. Fuzzy decision theories attempt
to deal with fuzziness inherent in imprecise determinations of preferences, constraints, and goals. The
interaction with the decision maker, the fuzzy goal of the decision maker, was quantified by eliciting the
corresponding membership functions, including nonlinear function.

Constraints

1. To ensure a real power balance, an equality constraints is imposed, i.e.


2. The inequality constraints imposed on generator output are


3.Weight constraint
Minimize


( )
1
0
NG
gi D L
i
P P P
=
+ =

min max
gi gi gi
P P P s s
1
( )
G
i i
i
w f x
=

Initial values of and power

allocations
Initial values of and power allocations can
be found by assuming losses equal to zero.
Initial value of is

And the initial power allocations are


1 2 2
1 1
( ( / )) / (1/ )
NG NG
i i
PD t t t
= =
= +

1 2 1 2 ( ) / (2 2 ) gi i i i i P wb w e wa w d = + +
Fuzzy Decision making
Considering the imprecise nature of decision makers judgment, it is natural to assume that the decision
maker may have fuzzy or imprecise goals for each objective functions. The fuzzy sets are defined by
equations called membership functions. These functions represent the degree of membership in some fuzzy
sets using values from 0 to 1. The membership value 0, indicates incompatibility with the sets, while 1
means full compatibility by making account of minimum and maximum values of each objective.
Function together with the rate of increase of membership satisfaction, the decision maker must detect
membership function in a subjective manner. Here it is assumed that is strictly a monotonic decreasing
and continuous function defined as
(i=1,2,.,M)

The value of membership function suggests how far (in the scale from 0 to 1) a non-inferior (non-
dominated) solution has satisfied the objective. The aggregate or average of membership function values
(i=1,2,,M) for all the objectives can be computed in order to measure the accomplishment of each
solution in satisfying the objectives.
min
max
min max
max min
max
1;
( ) ;
0;
i i
i
i i i i
i i
i i
F F
F F
F F F F
F F
F F

= < <

>

TEST SYSTEM AND SIMULATIONS

Test System
A six-generator system is considered. The fuel cost and NO
x
emissions are given. Transmission loss
coefficients are given in Table.The power demand is 1800 MW

RESULTS
Weight combinations and corresponding power allocations








Gives the power allocations for weight combinations varying from [1 0] to [0
1], where w
1
represents the weight attached to cost function and w
2
is the
weight attached to emission function of NOx.










Weight vectors and corresponding fitness values


Conclusion
In this work,the Multi-objective optimal generation scheduling problem is solved
using Weighting method
The focus of the work concentrated on minimization of two objectives
1. Cost of generation and
2. NO
x
. Emission
Non inferior solution are obtained for a few fed-in weight combination.
The above two objectives were found conflicting in nature.When cost objective
was given a weight of 1,cost was minimum and emission was maximum and when
Emission objective was given a weight of 1,the cost was found maximum and
emission was minimum.
Fuzzy membership function of cost and emission was found for each weight
combination.The best compromise solution was the one which gave 0.5 weight for
each objective.


Scope for future work
Multi-objective optimization problem can be solved by a varity of method
which includes traditional and heuristic search method fuzzy multipliers
can be introduce d to a modify in each iteration a which accelerates the
program.

If Genetic Algorithm is used for genratind and modifying weight
combination,the search can be effectively explored for global
optimum,which yields the best possible overall satisfactory result
combination.