Atomic structure

Thomson model of the atom

Rutherford experiment (with Geiger and Marsden)

Rutherfords model of the atom (planetary)

Bohr model of the atom

Werner Heisenberg

Single-valued Continuous Approach zero as r approaches infinity AA =1 (normalized) orthogonal

Particle in a Box

Particle in a box

n describes the size of the orbital 1, 2, 3, and so on nucleus electron

The principal qunatum number n describes the energy of an orbital

Orbital Quantum Number

l describes the shape of the orbital

any integer between 0 and n - 1

Magnetic Quantum Numbers

ml the magnetic quantum number. It describes the orientation in space -l to +l ms is the spin quantum number. It describes the orientation of the electron spin ms = +1/2 or ms=-1/2

Quantum Numbers
Definitions n principal quantum # 1,2,3 determines energy l angular momentum q. # 0,1,..,n-1 angular dependence ml magnetic quantum # 0,1,.. ,l orientation in space s spin q. # 1/2 spin magnetic moment ms magnetic spin q. # 1/2 orientation of spin magnetic moment in space Orbital nodes Angular nodes: l Radial nodes: n-l-1 Examples 1. The 14 wave functions for 14 electrons that can be accommodated in 5f orbitals have the following quantum numbers: n=5 l=3 ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 s = 1/2 mS = +1/2, -1/2

Cartesian coordinates x,y,z can be replaced by polar coordinates r,,

x= r sin cos
y= r sin sin z= r cos

Angular and Radial Part of the Wave Function

All nodes n-1

Angular nodes l

Radial nodes n-l-1

Yl,m (,)

Orbital symbol

n,,m = n (-symbol)direction
Examples: 1,0,0 = 1s

2,1,0 = 2pz
Limits on quantum #s for energy level n

0, 1, 2, (n-1); s, p, d,
m 0, 1, , Example: n = 2, = ?, m = ? = 0, m = 0 = 1, m = 1, 0, -1

What we now have:

1) Energy levels for electron in an atom depends only on n!!!

2) Each level has n2 orbitals with that energy Degeneracy all ,m with same n have same energy (e.g., n = 2, degeneracy = 4: 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz) 3) Orbital: mathematical function that gives wave-like properties: phase, direction 4) Square Orbital: Probability distribution of electron position in that orbital

We will use plots of orbitals to show these properties and to determine properties of the atom

Radial wave/probability functions

No angular dependence!!
Size of Hydrogen 1s orbital e- is found 90% of the time from r = 0 2.6 ao (.14 nm)

90% of probability contour line

2.6 ao

Radial function

e(-r/ao)

ao = 5.29 x 10-11 m

Figure 16.19: 1s, 2s, 3s orbitals (no angular dependence!!) Figure 12.18: (idea of relative size) 1s, 2s, 3s orbitals
90% Probability contours showing relative size of orbitals

phases of wave function ()

radial probability distribution (r 2 2) = probability of finding

electron at a distance r from the center of the nucleus Understanding radial distribution

Angular representation of the p orbitals

e-

+
= 1 ; now there IS angular dependence
m = 1, 0, -1 : 3 orbitals in 3 different directions Phases given as + and - signs

Exercises:
1.

2.

Consider an atom which has the following electron configuration on the 4th shell: 4d10. Find the quantum numbers that describe this orbital. How many radial nodes, angular nodes are there in a 3pz, 4s, 5d orbitals?