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Ch 351 NWRC BIO 30
Video on Digestion
The esophagus is the
first part of the
digestive tract..
Approximately 10
inches in length, it
consists of three tissue
layers consistent with
the rest of the gut.The
muscles of peristalsis
begin propelling the
food bolus through the
esophagus into the
stomach.
Peristalsis
What stops food going
the wrong way!
The swallowing reflex
is activated by the
pushing of food to the
back of the throat –
food is swallowed into
the esophagus. The
epiglottis covers the
trachea so food doesn’t
go the wrong way
The
Stomach
Very acidic
environment
(enzyme) –
pepsin
breaks
down
proteins
The Stomach
• The stomach is a Cshaped pouch that receives the
food bolus from the esophagus. It aids both in
mechanical and chemical digestion. Acting like a
churn, the stomach mixes the food with gastric
acid and breaks down the food into a milky
substance known as chyme. The acid reduces the
pH of the stomach, in the process allowing
activation of an enzyme called pepsin. This starts
the chemical digestive process.
The Stomach
Small intestine
The majority of digestion
occurs in the small intestine.
This compartment has three
distinct portions, each of
which is highly specialized
for different digestive
functions. VIDEO
The small Intestine
• The small intestine is the longest portion of the
digestive tract it is more than 67 meters long
and is located within the middle of the abdomen. It
has three sections, the duodenum, jejunum and
ileum
• Digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates
contained in the foods you consume, is completed
within the small intestine.
The Small Intestine
• The lining of the small
intestine secretes a
hormone called
secretin, which
stimulates the
pancreas to produce
digestive enzymes.
The pancreas
• Digestive enzymes are released from the
pancreas to enable the degradation process.
Bile is released from the gall bladder and
mixes with the chyme to aid in fat digestion
and absorption.
The Liver
The Liver
The liver is the largest
glandular organ of the body. It
weighs about 3 lb (1.36 kg). It
is reddish brown in color and
is divided into four lobes of
unequal size and shape. The
liver lies on the right side of
the abdominal cavity beneath
the diaphragm.
The Liver
Some of the functions are: to produce
substances that break down fats,
convert glucose to glycogen, produce
urea (the main substance of urine),
make certain amino acids (the building
blocks of proteins), filter harmful
substances from the blood (such as
alcohol), storage of vitamins and
minerals) and maintain a proper level
or glucose in the blood.
The Gall Bladder
The gallbladder is
about 1012 cm long in
humans and appears
dark green because of
its contents (bile),
rather than its tissue. It
is connected to the liver
and the duodenum
(small intestine)
The Gall Bladder
The gallbladder stores
about 50ml of bile
which is released when
food containing fat
enters the digestive
tract.
The Gall Bladder
The bile, produced in the
liver, emulsifies fats and
neutralizes acids in partly
digested food.
After being stored in the
gallbladder, the bile becomes
more concentrated than
when it left the liver,
increasing its potency and
intensifying its effect on fats.
Most digestion occurs in the
duodenum
The Large Intestine
• The large intestine (the colon) has several major
components. The cecum is the entrance to the right side of
the colon. There is a circular muscle, or sphincter, that
separates the small intestine from the large intestine. The
sphincter protects the small intestine from the concentrated
bacteria of the large intestine. Following the cecum, the
ascending colon rises up and leads into the transverse
colon. From there, the descending colon dives back down
on the left side of the abdomen into the sigmoid colon and
rectum. Waste is finally eliminated through the anus.
• (sorry no picture)
Assessment
• 1. Digestion begins in
mouth, continues in
stomach and ends in
small intestine
• Each type of molecule
is broken down into its
simplest part thorough
the use of enzymes.
Assessment
• 2. Mechanical
digestion such as
chewing grinds food
into smaller particles
• Chemical digestion by
acids and enzymes
changes food
chemically such as
breaking proteins
down into amino acids
Assessment
• 3. the 3 main functions
are to
• A. ingest food
• B. break it down
• C. eliminate what
cannot be digested
Assessment
• 4. The villi increase
the surface area so that
more nutrients can be
absorbed, if the lining
was smooth fewer
nutrients would be
absorbed
Extra Review
• Link to printable worksheets – test yourself!